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PSYC 2080 EXAM 3 VERIFIED ACCURATE STUDY
GUIDE
criminal behavior - Answers - intentional behavior that violates a criminal code - did not occur accidentally, action cannot be justified or excused juvenile delinquency - Answers - variety of antisocial acts committed by youth; some but not all are criminal offenses; imprecise, social, clinical, and legal label for a broad spectrum of law and norm-violating behavior status offenses - Answers - another definition for juvenile delinquency; not behavior against "adult" criminal code; behavior prohibited only for juveniles; underage drinking, running away, etc. juvenile delinquent - Answers - one who commits an act against criminal code and is adjudicated delinquent by appropriate court; usually restricted to younger than 18, but in some states up to 21 can be designated youthful offenders, meaning they are likely to get leniency conduct disorder (CD) - Answers - diagnostic label; group of behaviors characterized by habitual misbehavior; stealing, setting fires, running away, skipping school, etc. antisocial behavior - Answers - usually reserved for serious habitual misbehavior; actions directly harmful to well-being of others antisocial personality disorder (ASP or APD) - Answers - diagnostic label; primarily for adults at least 18 who displayed conduct disorder as children or adolescents and continue serious offending well into adulthood four categories of ASP - Answers - 1. aggression to people and animals
- destruction of property
- deceitfulness
- serious violations of rules executive function (EF) - Answers - higher order mental abilities involved in goal- directed behavior; include organizing behavior, memory, inhibition processes, and planning strategies; allows us to regulate emotions and in understanding aggression and antisocial behavior working memory (EF) - Answers - processes we can bring to bear on contents of our conscious mind; ex. would be translating instructions into action
cognitive flexibility (EF) - Answers - ability to think about something in more than one way; includes skills inherent in verbal fluency, creativity, planning, and judgement inhibitory control or self-regulation (EF) - Answers - behavioral process of self-regulation or self-control that keeps impulses in check; prevents us from being at mercy of our impulses, old habits, and assortment of negative temptations EF development - Answers - processes not fully mature as a group until lat adolescence or young adulthood Moffitt Developmental Theory - Answers - research conducted by Terrie Moffitt indicated that delinquency could be best understood if we viewed it as progressing along two developmental paths; not best way to understand delinquency, but very dominant life course-persistent offenders (LCPs) (Moffitt) - Answers - lifelong pattern of antisocial behavior; often resistant to treatment/rehabilitation adolescent-limited offenders (ALs) (Moffitt) - Answers - usually only show delinquent/antisocial behavior during teen years; peak around 16 then steady decline during late teens and early adulthood many LCPs exhibit: - Answers - inherited or acquired neurological problems during childhoods (difficult temperaments as infants, attention deficit disorders, etc.); some problems present before or soon after birth and made worse in high-risk environments
of LCPs in male juvenile offender pop: - Answers - estimated between 5%-10%; less
than 2% of females classified as early starters in persistent career of crime LCPs vs. ALs - Answers - LCPs have smaller surface area and thinner cortex in brain regions associated with executive function, motivation, and emotional regulation possible expansion of Moffitt's two-path theory - Answers - a simple dual developmental path may not adequately capture all variations in criminal careers; some have identified four paths that might reflect reality of offending patterns low-level chronic offenders (LLCs) - Answers - rise in offending through early adol, reach a plateau by mid-teens, remain at same offending level past age 18 high-level chronic offenders (LCPs) - Answers - begin antisocial behavior early and remain at a high level through lifetimes non-offending pattern (NCs) - Answers - don't have any pattern of offenses fifth category (Moffitt) - Answers - engage in relatively little delinquency in early adol but increase from late adol into adulthood
inattention - Answers - does not seem to listen, is easily distracted, loses things necessary for tasks or activities oppositional defiant disorder (ODD) - Answers - arguing with adults, refusing adults' requests, deliberately trying to annoy others, blaming others for mistakes, being spiteful or vindictive prevalence ADHD - Answers - leading psychological diagnosis for children in U.S.; 9.4% between 2-17 have ADHD; boys 9:1 and girls 2: primary casual factors of ADHD - Answers - inhibitory problems due to neuropsychological deficits problems associated with ADHD - Answers - delinquency and substance abuse; high risk for developing lengthy and serious criminal careers conduct disorder (CD) - Answers - ADHD frequently co-occurs with this diagnostic category; children who demonstrate habitual misbehavior; combination of the two predictor of lifelong course of violence, criminal behavior, and drug abuse childhood-onset CD - Answers - pattern begins before 10; worsens as child gets older and more likely to lead to serious and persistent criminal behavior into adulthood adolescent-onset CDs - Answers - absence of any maladaptive behavior before 10; exhibit fewer problems in interpersonal and social skills but reject traditional rules and formal procedures prevalence CD - Answers - 2% to more than 10% with median of 4%; 2.5 males to each female; boys tend to display fighting, vandalism, and discipline problems; girls will lie, run away, prostitution, etc. emotional intelligence - Answers - ability to know how people and self feel; capacity to use that info to guide thoughts/actions ; may play a prominent role in human violence hostile attribution bias - Answers - highly aggressive children; tendency of some people to perceive hostile intent in others even when it is lacking language development - Answers - verbal deficits and impaired language development are closely associated with behavior problems and serious delinquency delayed language - Answers - antisocial behavior and aggression linked; increases stress and frustration what is the strongest predictor of persistent, serious offending, especially violence? - Answers - peer rejection
kids reject those who rely on forms of physical and verbal aggression to get what they want - Answers - not only aggressive but also argumentative, inattentive, disruptive; peer rejected, aggressive boys have variety of behavior, social, and cognitive deficits and display low levels of prosocial behavior factors contributing to child's life of committing serious crimes - Answers - physical abuse, aggressive peers, unsupervised after-school self-care, and poverty psychopath - Answers - demonstrates cluster of psychological, interpersonal, neuropsychological features that distinguish them from general population; little empathy, compassion, and conscience; reduced capacity for emotional experience sociopath - Answers - someone who commits repeated crime; have sense of morality, show empathy, and possess conscience Cleckley's 10 features of a psychopath - Answers - selfishness; inability to love or genuine affection; frequent lying/deceitfulness; lack of guilt or remorsefulness; callousness or lack of empathy; low anxiety proneness; poor judgement and failure to learn from experience; superficial charm; failure to follow any life plan; cycles of unreliability antisocial personality disorder (ASP/APD) - Answers - summarizes many of same features found in criminal psychopath; pervasive pattern of disregard for/violation of rights of others, since 15; closely aligned with LCP offender antisocial personality disorder and psychopathy aren't synonymous - Answers - ASD refers to broad behavioral patterns based on clinical observations whereas psychopathy refers to specific behavioral patterns and measurable cognitive, emotional, and neuropsychological differences prevalence of criminal psychopathy - Answers - general population is about 1% but is 15%-25% in adult prison population psychopathy checklist-revised (PCL-R) - Answers - most popular for measuring criminal psychopathy; assess the emotional, interpersonal, behavioral, and social deviance facets P-Scan Research Version - Answers - measure of psychopathy intended primarily for research purposes but now used by some health practitioners in their clinical practice factor analysis - Answers - statistical procedure designed to find different dimensions or factors in test data; at least two behavioral dimensions or factors found on PCL-R factor 1 - interpersonal-affective factor - Answers - tendency to be deceitful, unemotional, remorseless, socially dominant, and manipulative; will do anything to meet
Psychopathy Screening Device (PSD), Childhood Psychopathy Scale, and PCL:YV - Answers - instruments to measure pre-adult psychopathy factor 1 (PCL-R) - Answers - reflects interpersonal/affective dimension and includes items that measure glibness/superficial charm, grandiosity, manipulativeness, dishonesty, and callousness factor 2 (PCL-R) - Answers - reflects behavioral or lifestyle features such as impulsiveness, irresponsibility, early behavioral problems, and lack of goals violence - Answers - physical force exerted for the purpose of inflicting injury, pain, discomfort, or abuse on person for purpose of damaging/destroying property aggression - Answers - behavior perpetrated or attempted with intention of harming another individual physically or psychologically; may not involve force like violence amount of planning - criminal violence - Answers - highly calculated and planned (cold- blooded) but on the other pole can be highly impulsive and emotionally driven instrumental violence - Answers - when injury of individual is secondary to acquisition of some other external goal; external goal may be money, status, security, or material goods reactive violence (expressive violence) - Answers - physical violence precipitated by a hostile and angry reaction to a perceived threat or dangerous situation neurobiological factors - Answers - neurological and neurochemical influences on brain during life course that may result in high levels of aggressive and violent behavior neurotoxins - Answers - toxic effects on human nervous system; lead, cadmium, and manganese; produces neurocognitive dysfunction which can lead to antisocial behavior affecting neurodevelopment of brain - Answers - neurotoxins, malnutrition, and parenting socialization factors - Answers - processes through which a person learns patterns of thinking, behavior, and feeling from their early life experiences; aggressive behavior learned from TV, movie, online, etc. cognitive factors - Answers - ideas, beliefs, and patterns of thinking that emerge as a result of interactions with the world during a person's lifetime ; violent individuals have different ways of processing and interpreting that information - tend to see more hostility situational factors - Answers - characteristics of the environment such as stress or aggression in others that encourage violent behavior
situational factors that provoke aggression - Answers - aversive situation (heat, crowded area, noises), presence of weapons, deprived environments link between violence and the media - Answers - - increases viewer's fear of becoming victim and causes distrust in others
- desensitizes viewer to violence causing them to become less sensitive to pain of others
- encourages individuals to become more involved in violent actions
- demonstrates how desired goods and services can be obtained through violence
- sexual violence in X and R-rated films has been shown to increase sexual aggression in males threat assessment - Answers - predicting future violence/undesirable actions targeted at specific individuals/institutions after an expressed threat has been made; aims to interrupt people on a pathway to commit violence psychological risk assessment - Answers - systematic process of evaluating the likelihood that a person will engage in dangerous behavior even though person has not made a direct or implied that functions of threat assessment - Answers - three basic functions: identify, assess, manage identify (threat assessment) - Answers - be aware of "markers" of possible impending violence; report concerns to authorities assess (threat assessment) - Answers - obtain and gather info. from various sources; talk with individual and peers; appraise person's current situation (problems at home, heath, etc); determine underlying problem (depression, bullying) manage (threat assessment) - Answers - provide counseling or treatment for underlying problem; make use of family conferences; warn or protect potential victims; monitor individual or obtain restraining order if necessary direct threat (school shootings) - Answers - specifies a target; delivered in a straightforward, clear, explicit manner; "i placed a bomb in the school cafeteria, and it will go off at noon today" indirect threat (school shootings) - Answers - vague and more ambiguous; motivation is unclear; "if I wanted to, I could kill many at the school at any time" veiled threat (school shootings) - Answers - strongly implies but does not explicitly threaten violence; receiving an anonymous note saying "we could be better off without you around anymore"
criminal homicide - Answers - causing death of another person without legal justification or excuse murder - Answers - unlawful killing of one human by another with malice aforethought either expressed or implied first-degree murder - Answers - usually considered a capital offense, punishable by death or life in prison second-degree murder - Answers - less planning and premeditation but still requiring an intent to kill third-degree murder - Answers - depraved mind without regard for human life manslaughter - Answers - unintended killing; results from unjustifiable conduct that places others at risk negligent manslaughter - Answers - individual who aimlessly fires a loaded weapon and ends up killing someone, even if they did not "intend" to, is still responsible for that person's death nonnegligent mans - Answers - intended killing that has mitigating factors multiple murder - Answers - divided into three somewhat overlapping offender patterns based on timing of the act; serial murder, spree murder, and mass murder serial murder - Answers - individual(s) separately kills a number of people (usually min. of 3) over time; time interval - sometimes referred to "cooling-off period" - may be days or weeks but more likely months/years spree murder - Answers - killing of 3 or more people without a cooling-off period, usually 2 or 3 diff. locations mass murder - Answers - killing of 3 or more people at single location with no cooling-off period between killings classic mass murder - Answers - school, other mass shootings family mass murder - Answers - more common; at least 3 family members killed by another immediate family member or relative; very often, perpetrator kills themself archival research - Answers - past records - police records, newspaper stories, diaries, historical notes in private collections, other docs. pertaining to serial murders
case study - Answers - extensive examination of background, behavior, crimes of 1 particular serial killer motives of many serial killers - Answers - psychological rewards of control, domination, media attention, excitement rather than material gain serial killers killing method - Answers - prefer method of killing that provides max. amount of control/dominance; choking, stabbing, other methods of delayed death are ways killer can maintain life-or-death mastery over victims typology - Answers - system for classifying personality or behavior patterns; used to classify wide assortment of behaviors into more manageable set of brief descriptions problems with typologies - Answers - - considerable overlap between categories
- some individuals can qualify for two or more classifications at once
- placing individuals into various categories is based on questionable assumption that behavior is consistent across both time and place visionary type - Answers - driven by delusions or hallucinations that compel him to kill a particular group of people; may be psychotic or otherwise seriously mentally ill mission-oriented type - Answers - not mentally ill; believes a particular group of people who are undesirable and must be destroyed or eliminated; victims may be sex workers; "street people"; LGBTQ individuals; members of particular religious, racial, or ethnic minority group hedonistic type - Answers - strives for pleasure and thrills; people are simply objects to use for one's own enjoyment power-control killer - Answers - obtains satisfaction from absolute life-or-death control they have over victim; sexual components may or may not be present but main motive is extreme power and dominance over helpless victim public mass shootings aka active shooter situation - Answers - public circumstances, such as schools, workplaces, malls, etc.; committed in absence of other criminal activity or military action; four or more fatalities in single incident active shooter - Answers - name given to perpetrator during a mass shooting; one or more individuals engaged in killing or attempting to kill people in a populated area; active means both law enforcement personnel and citizens have potential to influence outcome reasons for increase in public mass shootings - Answers - 1. increase in desire for fame, attention, or infamy
- increase in number of high-profile public mass shooters since 1960s has played sig. role
bullying - Answers - form of peer aggression in which one or more individuals physically, verbally, or psychologically harass a victim who is perceived to be weaker or "different" physical bullying - Answers - hitting, spitting, kicking, punching, or takins/destroying personal items verbal bullying - Answers - name calling, taunting, malicious teasing, and verbal threats psychological bullying - Answers - spreading destructive or mean rumors and engaging in social exclusion, extortion, or intimidation effects of bullying - Answers - - creates school environment of fear and insecurity
- reduces school attendance
- poor academic performance/dedication to schoolwork
- psychological problems (depression. PTSD, etc.) cyberbullying - Answers - intentional use of electronic communication to intimidate, threaten, or embarrass another person sexual violence - Answers - refers to a wide spectrum of criminal behaviors of sexual abuse including sex trafficking and sexual exploitation, child sexual abuse and incest, and sexual harassment sexual assault - Answers - any nonconsensual sexual act proscribed by federal, tribal, or state law, including when victim lacks capacity to consent; has replaced the term rape rape - Answers - forced penetration of vaginal, anal, or oral regions of the body; statutory rape - Answers - no force is used but the female victim is under age of consent; between 12- 18 if person is below age of consent, - Answers - state is not required to prove that intercourse was without consent rape by fraud - Answers - act of having sexual relations with a consenting adult under fraudulent conditions; ex. a professional psychotherapist has sexual intercourse with patient under guise of "effective treatment" rape and sexual assault can be used interchangeably - Answers - true sexual battery - Answers - any unwanted and nonconsensual sexual contact that involved forced touching of a sexual nature that did not involve penetration date rape - Answers - sexual assault that occurs within context of dating
acquaintance rape - Answers - sexual assault by person whom the victim knows out of contact of a dating relationship (friend, neighbor) strong connection between: - Answers - alcohol use and date or acquaintance rape three distinct sexual-offending arrest trajectories - Answers - - one group of offenders peak at age 25
- second group peak around age 30
- third group peak at age 32 general criminality - Answers - includes rule violation, meanness, and impulsivity and overlaps with antisocial personality disorder, psychopathy, and antisocial personality pattern; emerging as critical variable in predicting reoffending caveats (typologies of men who rape) - Answers - individuals do not always fit neatly into a particular type; they only approximate it MTC rapist's primary motivation - Answers - (four major types) opportunistic, pervasively angry, sexual, vindictive and 9 subtypes instrumental aggression - Answers - usually no anger present except in reaction to victim's lack of cooperation or compliance expressive aggression - Answers - used to hurt, humiliate, abuse, or degrade the victim in some way; extremely violent impulsivity - Answers - important factor in many sexual assaults and criminal behavior; impulsive people have an overpowering deficiency in self-control and continually revert to old behavioral patterns social competence - Answers - sexual offenders having poor social and interpersonal skills, especially dealing with opposite sex sexual fantasies - Answers - any mental imagery that is sexually arousing to individual; men who are highly self-centered are more likely to be sexually aggressive and act out sadism - Answers - cruel and malicious acts that are enjoyed by and often sexually arousing to offender sadistic rapists - Answers - tend to offend more frequently against victims who are close friends, intimates, or family rape myths - Answers - misogynistic attitudes play major role in sexual violence; attitudes and beliefs that are false but held and serve to deny and justify male sexual aggression against women
offender must demonstrate to be classified as pervasively angry type: - Answers - - presence of a high degree of nonsexualized aggression or rage expressed through verbal or physical assault that clearly exceeds what is necessary to gain compliance of the victim (expressive aggression)
- evidence of adolescent and adult sexual and nonsexual antisocial behavior
- carries out attacks that are usually unplanned and unpremeditated
- so far, no particular subtypes have been identified for the pervasively angry rapist. type 5 rapist - Answers - muted offender's motive is the victim's fear of some violent fantasy that aids in his sexual arousal; victim's fear excites him or he relies on some rehearsed sexual fantasy during act to excite him type 4 rapist - Answers - overt sadistic rapist demonstrates both sexual and aggressive elements in his assault; victims actual pain and discomfort are prerequisites for his sexual excitement; believes his victims enjoy being abused, forcefully raped, etc.; frequently married and show little commitment to marriage; manifest more paraphilias than other types; engages in sexual sadism so extreme that the victim may be murdered paraphilia - Answers - intense and persistent sexual interest other than genital stimulation or fondling with consenting human partners; becomes a disorder when it causes distress or impairment non-sadistic rapist (6 and 7) - Answers - "power reassurance rapist"; engages in sexual attack because of an intense sexual arousal prompted by specific stimuli from victim; prefer women own age and race and those residing in same neighborhood or close to work; often done at night with a time interval between attacks 7-15 days; if victim resists, they will flee type 6 rapist - Answers - quiet, shy, submissive, and socially inadequate; poor social skills and resulting low self-esteem prevent them from succeeding type 7 rapist - Answers - more socially adaptable and competent and achieve more vindictive rapist (8 and 9) - Answers - uses act of rape to harm, humiliate, and degrade them; victims brutally assaulted and subjected to biting, cutting, or tearing parts of body; perceive women as demanding, hostile, and unfaithful individuals who need to be dominated type 8 rapist - Answers - low social competence type 9 rapist - Answers - moderate social competence
pedophilia - Answers - "child molestation"; not necessarily a crime; psychological condition in which one over a period of at least 6 months has recurrent, intense sexually arousing fantasies, sexual urges, or behaviors towards a prepubescent child exclusive type of pedophilia - Answers - sexually attracted to only children nonexclusive type of pedophilia - Answers - sexually attracted to both children and adults incest (intrafamilial child molestation) - Answers - fathers who molest their sexually immature daughters or stepdaughters extrafamilial child molestation - Answers - sexual abuse from a person outside the family fixation - Answers - intensity of pedophilic interest or degree on how focused they are on children as sexual objects high fixation - Answers - offender demonstrates preference for children as sexual objects low fixation - Answers - both children and adults can serve or have served as sexual objects for offender social competence - Answers - level of social and interpersonal skills, assertiveness, and self-esteem possessed by offender low social competence - Answers - offender has inadequate social skills, is unassertive in dealing with adults, and demonstrates poor self-esteem high social competence - Answers - opposite of low high-contact offender - Answers - regular contact with children within both sexual and nonsexual contexts; engage in activities that bring them in contact with children interpersonal offender (type 1) - Answers - seeks the frequent company of children for both social and sexual needs narcissistic offender (type 2) - Answers - seeks company of children for sexual needs; molest children they don't know and sexual acts typically genitally oriented low-contact CSOs - Answers - come into contact with children only when they decide to sexually assault a child exploitative, non-sadistic offenders (type 3) - Answers - uses no more aggression or violence than is necessary to obtain victim compliance
