PSYC 2080 FINAL – KNAPP VERIFIED ACCURATE STUDY GUIDE, Exams of Psychology

PSYC 2080 FINAL – KNAPP VERIFIED ACCURATE STUDY GUIDE

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2025/2026

Available from 04/04/2026

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PSYC 2080 FINAL KNAPP VERIFIED ACCURATE
STUDY GUIDE
victimless crimes - Answers - - do not appear to have a clear victim other than perhaps
the perpetrator
- i.e. illegal drug use, prostitution, illegal gambling
forensic psychologists play a major role in several areas such as - Answers - -
consulting with attorneys
- assessing crime victims
- providing expert testimony on the psychological effects of violent victimization
- assessing psychological harm of plaintiffs in civil suits
- providing psychological information for victim impact statements
victimization in the civil context - Answers - - discrimination
- sexual harassment
- unsafe working conditions
- negligence on the part of others
multiculturalism - Answers - - differences in race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation,
and disability
immigrants are often afraid to ask for help due to - Answers - - language barriers
- fear of deportation
- poor understanding of their own rights in the community
when working with refugees it is important to - Answers - - promote a sense of safety
traditional psychological concepts/theories used in assessment and treatment
approaches - Answers - - developed from predominately euro-american contexts
- may be limited in their application to racial and culturally diverse populations
victims with disabilities - Answers - - psychologists may consult in the determination of
reasonable workplace accommodation for persons with psychiatric, learning, and
intellectual disabilities
- also provide expert testimony in employment discrimination cases
americans with disabilities act (ADA) - Answers - - law that applies to public employers
and private employers with 15 or more employees
- prohibits discrimination in hiring process; regarding terms, conditions, benefits of
employment; in access to work-related amenities, facilities, functions
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PSYC 2080 FINAL – KNAPP VERIFIED ACCURATE

STUDY GUIDE

victimless crimes - Answers - - do not appear to have a clear victim other than perhaps the perpetrator

  • i.e. illegal drug use, prostitution, illegal gambling forensic psychologists play a major role in several areas such as - Answers - - consulting with attorneys
  • assessing crime victims
  • providing expert testimony on the psychological effects of violent victimization
  • assessing psychological harm of plaintiffs in civil suits
  • providing psychological information for victim impact statements victimization in the civil context - Answers - - discrimination
  • sexual harassment
  • unsafe working conditions
  • negligence on the part of others multiculturalism - Answers - - differences in race, ethnicity, gender, sexual orientation, and disability immigrants are often afraid to ask for help due to - Answers - - language barriers
  • fear of deportation
  • poor understanding of their own rights in the community when working with refugees it is important to - Answers - - promote a sense of safety traditional psychological concepts/theories used in assessment and treatment approaches - Answers - - developed from predominately euro-american contexts
  • may be limited in their application to racial and culturally diverse populations victims with disabilities - Answers - - psychologists may consult in the determination of reasonable workplace accommodation for persons with psychiatric, learning, and intellectual disabilities
  • also provide expert testimony in employment discrimination cases americans with disabilities act (ADA) - Answers - - law that applies to public employers and private employers with 15 or more employees
  • prohibits discrimination in hiring process; regarding terms, conditions, benefits of employment; in access to work-related amenities, facilities, functions

rates of violent victimization of disabled persons - Answers - - those with cognitive disabilities experience the highest rates of violent victimization, followed by those with independent living disabilities, ambulatory disabilities, and vision disabilities hearing disability - Answers - - refers to deafness or serious difficulty hearing vision disability - Answers - - refers to blindness or serious difficulty seeing, even when wearing glasses cognitive disabilities - Answers - - refers to serious difficulty in concentrating, remembering, or making decisions because of physical, mental, or emotional condition ambulatory disabilities - Answers - - refers to such difficulties as walking or climbing stairs self-care disabilities - Answers - - pertains to a condition that causes difficulty dressing, bathing, or other self-care requirements independent living disabilities - Answers - - refers to physical, mental, or emotions conditions that impede doing errands alone, such as visiting a doctor or shopping approximately 14% of the US population - Answers - - has some type of disability 42% of those with disabilities in the US - Answers - - are ages 65 or older disability - Answers - - physical or mental condition that substantially limits 1 or more major life activities

  • listed along with race, gender, age, sexual orientation, and other dimension of human diversity in the "ethical principles of psychologists and code of conduct" about 65% of women with multiple disabilities - Answers - - were sexually assaulted during 2011-2014 (50% higher than the rest of population) more than 1/2 of those with disabilities - Answers - - never seek assistance from legal or treatment services legal rights of victims - Answers - - have been enacted in all states, half of which provide for mandatory restitution unless compelling reasons to the contrary are stated on the record
  • at least 31 states have passed victims' rights constitutional amendments, and at least 10 of these provide for mandatory restitution congress passed legislation providing rights to victims of crime in what year? - Answers
    • 2004

mild reactions to stress are characterized by - Answers - - minor sleep disturbances, irritability, worry, interpersonal strain, attention lapses, exacerbation of prior health problems severe reactions to stress are characterized by - Answers - - serious depression, anxiety disorders, alcohol and drug abuse problems, and thoughts about/attempts at suicide PTSD - Answers - - cluster of behavioral patterns resulting from psychologically distressing event outside usual range of human experience

  • usually characterized by recurrent, intrusive memories of incident that evoke extreme distress
  • may occur when person has exposure to actual/threatened death, serious injury, or sexual violence homicide victimization - Answers - - there were 5 murders per 100,000 people in 2018, but numbers vary across regions
  • victims generally represent the smallest proportion (1.3%) of violent crime victims homicide of young children - Answers - - primarily committed by family members (71%)
  • usually by "personal weapons" (i.e. hands and feet) used to batter, strangle or suffocate victims
  • parents committed majority of homicides of infants under the age of 1
  • children between ages 15-19 represent a little of half of the global child homicides, followed by children under the age of 5 why are very young children usually killed by relative? - Answers - - they do not want the child
  • they believe they are ill equipped to provide for the child why are children younger than 5 years old usually killed? - Answers - - they require constant attention
  • common triggers for these homicides are crying that will not stop and toileting accidents relationship of the victim to the offender (rates) - Answers - - 49.5% unknown relationship
  • 27.8% other known relationship (i.e. significant others, neighbors, acquaintances)
  • 12.8% family
  • 9.8% strangers death notification - Answers - - procedure/process used for informing family members of a death resulting from violent crime, accident, or some other incident
  • forensic psychologists most likely involved by training and providing supportive counseling to police officers, mental health professionals, and death notification teams

inappropriate or poorly done death notifications - Answers - - can prolong survivors' grieving process and delay recovery from trauma for years during and after death notification, co-victims needs may include - Answers - - opportunity for venting of emotion

  • calm, reassuring authority
  • restoration of control
  • preparation for what the co-victim needs to do next Mothers Against Drunk Driving - Answers - - developed the best-known and most heavily relied on model for training death notifiers Coping after a Homicide: A Guide for Family and Friends (2004) - Answers - - manual published by US department of justice for training of death notification psychological services following mass shootings (NIU longitudinal study) - Answers - - majority of students (46%) exhibited resilience following shooting, indicating a fairly quick recovery
  • 42% of students reported high rates of PTSSs shortly after shooting but gradually recovered over next 8 months
  • a small number (11.9%) had stress symptoms persist over time and met criteria for possible PTSD
  • groups who adjusted relatively quickly appeared to have had fewer traumatic events in their lives and greater emotion regulation skills the process of mourning for families of murder victims - Answers - - lasts longer, is more intense, and more complex grief reactions of homicide survivors - Answers - - appear to be deeper, display rage and vengefulness more often, and results in longer lasting anxiety and phobic reactions
  • co-victim reactions may be especially intense if the deceased was subjected to torture, sexual assault, or other intrusive/heinous acts sexual violence victimization rates in the US - Answers - - approximately 1 in 5 black and white non-hispanic women
  • 1 in 7 hispanic women have experienced rape at some point in their lives
  • more than 1/4th of women who identified as american indian or alaska native
  • 1 in 3 women who identifies as multiracial non-hispanic reported rape victimization in their lifetime 32% of sexual assaults - Answers - - occurred when the victim was between ages 11- 17 29% of all rapes - Answers - - occurred when the victim was younger than age 11 22% of rapes - Answers - - occurred when the victim was sebetween ages 18- 24

prevalence of child sexual victimization in the US (by gender) - Answers - - about 25%- 27% in girls

  • about 16% in boys interviewing child victims of sexual abuse - Answers - - professional organizations including the APA strongly recommend professionals who conduct forensic interviews have formal and periodic training
  • there are several research-based models/protocols currently being used for interviewing children Protocols for interviewing children - Answers - - interview child as soon as possible to minimize forgetting
  • establish rapport at the beginning of the interview to make the child feel comfortable
  • explain purpose of interview and go over basic ground rules such as instructions for the child to say "I don't know" instead of guessing
  • use open-ended questions
  • avoid asking yes or no questions and other forced-choice questions
  • ask simple worded questions a child can understand
  • do not ask suggestive questions that signal the expected answer
  • follow up with the child's answers to open-ended questions with more specific questions National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Standard Protocol - Answers - - prominent forensic interview model
  • heavily research-based structured protocol for professionals conducting forensic interviews with suspected child sexual abuse victims
  • three stages: pre-substantive phase, substantive phase, closure phase the pre-substantive phase (the rapport building phase) - Answers - - interviewer might ask child about their personal interests
  • transition between this phase and the substantive phase is usually accomplished by asking the child a "practice narrative" which involves asking child to describe a past, unrelated event in detail the substantive phase - Answers - - forced choice or yes/no questions are strongly discouraged
  • specific, but still open-ended, questions are usually reserved for the end of the substantive phase psychological effects of child sexual abuse - Answers - - long-term, interpersonal, social, and psychological problems in many children, adolescents, and adults
  • reports of common symptoms such as depression, shame, suicidality, sleep disorder, substance abuse, feelings of isolation, fears and intense anxiety
  • depression and PTSD are the symptoms most commonly found among both children and adults who were SAd as children

sexual abuse by fathers/stepfathers - Answers - - may have a more negative impact than abuse by perpetrator outside the home