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PSYC 3480 chapter 1- Introducing sport and exercise(notes), Exams of Nursing

A.T. Still University of Health Sciences (ATSU)Nursing

An overview of sport and exercise psychology, including its theoretical perspectives, positive psychology, careers, training, licensing, and professional organizations. It also discusses research perspectives, including basic research, hypothesis, null hypothesis, alternative hypothesis, and causal inference. The document highlights ethical considerations in sport and exercise psychology research, including the need for approval from a research ethics board and the importance of respecting participants' anonymity and confidentiality.

Typology: Exams

2022/2023

Available from 02/13/2023

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PSYC 3480 chapter 1- Introducing sport and

exercise(notes)

** Sport and exercise psychologists work with all people, professional

athletes and recreational, as well as those with and without mental

problems

Sport and exercise psychology is a science in which the principles of

psychology are applied in a sport or exercise setting

• Influence of kinesiology and psychology

• Largely theoretical perspectives of psychology

Positive psychology in sport/exercise

- enhancing well being by increasing positive qualities like confidence,

independence, social and psychical functioning and life satisfaction

Careers in sport/exercise psychology (3 major roles of sport/exercise

psychology specialists)

- teaching

• most sport/exercise psychology specialists are employed in

universities and colleges: primary role teaching students

• some… training to community/sport organizations

- research

• primary responsibility: working in universities to advance knowledge

consulting

• third major role: help individuals, teams, and organizations improve

performance, change physical acitivity behaviour, manage sprot and

life demands, and enhance personal well being

• many professional sport teams and organizations emply sport psychology

consultants… in US more major universiities have full time consultants… not

the case in Canada

• increasing number of Canadian universities use psychology consultants

on a limited basis

• very few Canadians make a living as a full time sport and exercise

psychology consultant o 3 roles of the exercise pshycolgoy consultant



teach psychological skills to facilliatate performance



help people with developmental concerns



assist clients in educational and counseling areas and psychopathology

Discover Exams of Nursing A.T. Still University of Health Sciences (ATSU)

Partial preview of the text

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exercise(notes)

** Sport and exercise psychologists work with all people, professional athletes and recreational, as well as those with and without mental problems Sport and exercise psychology is a science in which the principles of psychology are applied in a sport or exercise setting

Influence of kinesiology and psychology
Largely theoretical perspectives of psychology Positive psychology in sport/exercise
- enhancing well being by increasing positive qualities like confidence, independence, social and psychical functioning and life satisfaction Careers in sport/exercise psychology (3 major roles of sport/exercise psychology specialists)
teaching
most sport/exercise psychology specialists are employed in universities and colleges: primary role teaching students
some… training to community/sport organizations
- research
primary responsibility: working in universities to advance knowledge consulting
third major role: help individuals, teams, and organizations improve performance, change physical acitivity behaviour, manage sprot and life demands, and enhance personal well being
many professional sport teams and organizations emply sport psychology consultants… in US more major universiities have full time consultants… not the case in Canada
increasing number of Canadian universities use psychology consultants on a limited basis - very few Canadians make a living as a full time sport and exercise psychology consultant o 3 roles of the exercise pshycolgoy consultant  teach psychological skills to facilliatate performance  help people with developmental concerns  assist clients in educational and counseling areas and psychopathology

exercise(notes)

Training to be a sport/exercise psychology specialist depends largely on what career path is chosen largely, two general training orientations:

sport science education o teaching and research skills combing sport sciences and psychology o wide range of academic programs available o information found in directory of graduate programs published for the AASP (pg.9)
clinical and counseling sport and exercise psychology o two closely related fields: clinical focused on assessment and rehabilitation of serious psychological developments, counseling on helping people with adjustment/developmental problems… significant overlap in the two o graduate training in sport sciences and training for clinical psychologists o CPA for more information Courses and Programs for Undergraduate Students
ideally double major in sport sciences and psychology…. Allowing greatest flexibility
if not possible… major and minor in an undergraduate degree
exact courses determined by career path chosen… requirements by various sport sciences or clinical programs
hoped in the future universities will provide opportunities providing students with greater flexibility Liscensing of Sport/Exercise psychologists (pg. 11)
provincial and territorital lawas regulate the use of the term psychologists
to protect people from being exploited by untrained individuals
rules vary across provinces and territories
unless progessionals meet ecemption criteria they should not call themselves sport/exercise psychologists CSPA and AASP identify necessary standards
SEE TABLE 1.4 PAGE 11 IN TEXT Standards of conduct and practitioner competencies in sport/exercise psychology
- a number of basic standards of conduct and sercixe always apply when a sport and exercise psychology consultant interacts with clients, although

exercise(notes)

• CPA: CANADIAN CODE OF

ETHICS FOR PSYCHOLOGISTS

( PG.13) o FOUR GENERAL PRINCIPLES  Respect for dignity of persons  Moral rights, confidentiality, freedom  Responsible caring  Integrity in relationships  Responsibility to society  Minimize harm and maximize benefits  Work within range of competence!!  Accuracy/honesty, unbiased. Avoid conflicts of interest  Benefit society through development of knowledge…. However respect and responsible caring FIRST PRIORITY Sport and exercise psychology in Canada and the united states (HISTORY) (PG. 15)

Canada and US intertwined
20 th^ century: canadaian univerisites few and enrolment was low
little evidence of systematic research or teaching in sport/exercise psychology
first sport psychology texts by COLEMAN GRIFFITH: the psychology of coaching and psychology and athletics
despite this, little development in 1930S and 40’s
Post WWII expansion of universities in US… important impact
FRANKLIN HENRY: advocate of scholarly and scientific approach to physical education studies…. Two graduates became pioneering sport psychology researchers in Canada: RIKK ALDERMAN AND ALBERT CARRON
North America, many sporty psychology instructors trained in motor behaviour in physical education departments
began to grow in the 1960S AND 1970S: establishment of many new universities and junior colleges
limited specialization in exercise psychology
psychology departments more interested in sport psychology: emphasis in abnormal/problem

exercise(notes)

behaviour

RICK ALDERMAN: developed first PHD program
modern parent of sport psychology in Canada
two major professional organizations established in US and Canada:

exercise(notes)

interdepartmental collaboration in teaching, research, and practice o as field expands, need for faculty to collaborate across departments… break traditional artificial academic bariors
ethics and competencies o increased pressure to adhere to professional standards of conduct… regulatory bodies more vigilant with terms
working in performance enhancement teams o opportunities still limited, but increased demand for applied sport psychology services
online consulting and service provision o growing trend towards online consultation and service provision in attempt to service more athletes and exercisers
consulting with athletes and exercisers with disabilities o government health initiatives on the rise… lowest rates of physical inactivity among individuals with disabilities o increased demand to involve these individuals in sport/exercise programs to improve health…. Profile of Paralympics increasing… increased government sponsership
knowledge translation o need to bridge gap between research evidence and professional practice

3 major sport and exercise psychology organizations around the world:

CPA
AASP
CSPA
Major Canadian professional organization is SCAPPS o Others:  NASPSPA  AASP  CSPA (likely to have major impact over next decade)

Chapter 2: Research Perspectives in Sport/Exercise

Psychology Samantha

Briand Science and Scientific Research Science: a dynamic yet imperfect process of knowledge accumulation through research

two categories of research:
basic research: testing fundamental mechanisms that produce conditions or events, without undue concern for the practical utility of such mechanisms

exercise(notes)

applied research : focuses on generating solutions to immediate problems irrespective of mechanistic details that form the focus of basic research
the majority of sport psychology research falls in between these two extremes
alternative sources of knowledge include intuation, tradition, authorities and logic

exercise(notes)

Hypothesis: an educated guess regarding the outcome of a research study Null hypothesis: indicates that there is no relationship between the variables under study or

exercise(notes)

that there is no difference anticipated between groups receiving the different conditions of the independent variable Alternative (or research) hypothesis: the researchers educated guess regarding what they expect to find when conducting the study Causal: implies a relationship between the independent and dependent variables… identifying agents that, when manipulated bring about changes to the dependent variables of interest

Generally, three conditions are necessary before the researchers can make a causal inference: o 1: proposed cause (independent variable) must be correlated with the observed effect (dependent variable) also called systematic covariation o 2: proposed cause must precede the effect, or there must be evidence of what methodologists refer to as temporal precedence o 3: all other possible extraneous variables must be systematically ruled out as the causal mechanism Ethical Approval for sport and exercise psychology research
researchers require approval from administrative body prior to initiating data collection with humans/animals
in Canada, the relevant body is a university based research ethics board (REB) o ensures that research is conducted in a mannor that protects the integrity and safety of the participants and the researchers. o TABEL 2.1 (PG. 35) SUMMARY OF RESEARCH THAT DOES OR DOES NOT REQUIRE REB APPROVAL  Required: research involving human participants… research using biophysical specimens/human remains  Not required: studies using data that are available exclusively in the public domain
tricouncil policy statement highlights all aspects of the research process that a sport and exercise psychologist should attend to
first issue of respecting participants: anonymity: refers to the inability to identify a participant involved in a research project, whereas confidentiality: refers to the retention of all participant data in confidence so that an individual’s data are not identifiable by others. Informed consent: participants fully informed of what the research will entail and how the data provided will be treated during the research project - second major ethical issue is beneficence: which concerns the degree to which the proposed research will maximize the potential benefits while

exercise(notes)

third key ethical issue: justice: that pertain directly to the selection of participants for research…. Participants in a research study should be the ones who derive the benefits from the results of the study Measurement in the research process Levels of measurement:
Measurement: refers to the the process of assigning numbers to variables according to specific rules
Levels of measurement: represent different ways of assigning numbers to variables o The most rudimentary level is nominal: when numbers are assigned to variables in a nominal fashion, they represent measurement only as labels (unique labels to identify) o Ordinal: reflects the assignment of numbers in such a fashion that the variables can be ranked (just order, distance between not necessarily equivalent) o Interval: reflects the assignment of numbers to variables so that the distances between consecutive numbers are equal o Ratio: assignment of numbers in such a manner that a true zero exists, representing a complete absence of the variable under study (a ratio or fraction can then be constructed) Basic measurement concepts
measurement covers a broad spectrum of issues most notabily in the area of psychometrics: concerned with the assessment of psychological variables using numbers
two concepts: reliability and validity are linked:
reliability: the consistency or stability of scores derived from single or multiple tests or measurement procedures o classic approach to estimating relaiability is known as the true score model …. Concerned with knowing how precisely we can measrure a persons true score on a variable of interest.  Observed score: composed of two components that provide a numerical index of test-score reliability… the actual numerical value derived from the test composed of:  true score (actual ability) on the variable of interest plus some error of measurement which is inadvertently introduced by the act of measuring a variable

exercise(notes)

o TRUE SCORE MODEL OF RELIABILITY:  OBSERVED SCORE = TRUE SCORE + MEASUREMENT ERROR

exercise(notes)

Quasi-experimental designs

quasiexperimental designs attempt to unearth the cause of change in the dependent variables without randomly assigning participants to different conditions within the study
random assignment may not be possible, practical or desirable non-experimental designs
- more common in sport and exercise psychology research than the previous two!!
- nonexperimental designs: establish patterns of relationships between the variables of interest in the absence of group assignment or variable manipulation
- researchers place emphasis on testing arguments derived from theory or predicting criterion variables of interest to the sport psychologist rather than on establishing causality Qualitative research in sport and exercise psychology
quantitative inquiry: is an approach to research that focuses on quantifying or counting the amount of a particular variable or set of variables - recent years… growing advocacy for the use of qualitative inquiry in sport/exercise psychology research
qualitative inquiry: encompasses a set of practices through which researchers seek to understand the world from the perspectives of those being studied… to understand the phenomenon of interest from the participants point of view (emic- inside… vs. etic… outsiders point of view) - OUTLINE COMPARISON TABLE 2.3 PG 45) Common approaches to doing qualitative research basic interpretive qualitative scales: used by researchers who seek to understand a particular phenomenon or process, the perspectives and perceptions of the participants, or a combination of these…. Collects data through interviews, observations, or document examination and analyzes the data to identify patterns/themes phenomenology: a philosophical tradition that concerns the structure or essence of a lived experience (phenomenon) for an individual or group of people
researcher must temporarily put aside preconceptions and beliefs of phenomenon being studied grounded theory: refers to a specific approach to qualitative inquiry in which the researcher develops a theory that is inductively derived

exercise(notes)

from (or “grounded in”) the participants data

developed from glasser and strass… constant comparison method
- theory developed is usually substantive theory: localized, dealing with particular real world situations case studies: refer to intensive descriptions and

exercise(notes)

Chapter 3: Personality in Sport and Exercise

Samantha Briand

Personality Traits Traits: clusters of behavioural (and cognitive/emotional) expressions that are related/correlated

Relatively stable characteristic/quality that is a portion of ones personality States: refer to momentary feelings and thoughts that change depending on the situation and time - two examples of models: CATTELS trait personality model (16 personality factors called source traits that capture personality….wamth, reasoning, dominance, lieveliness, social boldness, rule consciousness, sensitivity, vigilance, abstractedness, privateness, apprehension, openness to change, etc.)
DIGMANS five factor model : all people can be described in terms of the prevalence of five global factors: OCEAN o openness to experience: opposite of closed minded, curious o conscientiousness: achievement striving, self-discipline o extroversion: assertiveness, energetic approach to the world o agreeableness: compliance, positive approach to others o neuroticism: feelings of tension and nervousness) - has become a prominent theory in personality psychology • individuals higher in extroversion and conscientiousness more likely to meet their intentions to exercise Personality development: 3 views Psychodynamics: suggests that all behaviour is interconnected and driven by unconscious forces … thoughts and feelings motivate behaviours Structure of personality:
id: considered the instinctual and drivinh force of personality, the pleasure principle centre.
Ego: mediates the individuals relationship with the environment, the reality principle
Superego: the voice of the conscience and morality, the should/should not principle Humanistic psychology: focuses more on personal responsibility, human

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