ISC Class 12 Psychology – Intelligence
Detailed PYQ-Oriented Notes
Meaning and Definition of Intelligence
Intelligence is the global and aggregate capacity of an individual to think rationally, act
purposefully, and deal effectively with the environment. It includes learning, reasoning,
problem-solving, abstract thinking, and adaptation.
Nature / Characteristics of Intelligence
• Goal-directed behaviour
• Ability to learn from experience
• Ability to adapt to new situations
• Abstract reasoning
• Problem-solving ability
• Integrated capacity
Spearman’s Two-Factor Theory
Intelligence consists of a General factor (G) common to all tasks and Specific factors (S) unique to
particular activities.
Thurstone’s Primary Mental Abilities
Verbal comprehension, Word fluency, Number ability, Spatial relations, Associative memory,
Perceptual speed, and Reasoning.
Vernon’s Group Factor Theory
Intelligence is hierarchical with a General factor at the top, Major group factors in the middle, and
Minor group & specific factors at the bottom.
Guilford’s Structure of Intellect Model
Intelligence has three dimensions: Operations, Contents, and Products, resulting in more than 150
intellectual abilities.
Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory
Componential (Analytical), Experiential (Creative), and Contextual (Practical) intelligence.
Gardner’s Multiple Intelligences
