Quantitative Principles-Advance Computer Architecture-Lecture Slides, Slides of Advanced Computer Architecture

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CS 704

Advanced Computer

Architecture

Lecture 2

Quantitative Principles

Detailed discussion on the

computer Performance – the key to

quantitative design and analysis

Today’s Topics

Recap of Lecture 1

Growth in processor

performance

Price-performance design

CPU performance metrics

CPU benchmarks suites

Summary

Recap of Lecture 1

Computer Development:

• Academically, modern computer developments have their infancy in 1944-
• Commercially, the first machine was built by Eckert- Mauchly Computer Corporation in 1949
• Technological developments, from vacuum tubes to VLSI circuits, dynamic memory and network technology gave birth to four different generations of computers.
• Microprocessor and PCs were introduced in 1971docsity.com

Recap of Lecture 1

Design Perspectives:

Processor – ISA, ILP and Cache

Memory hierarchy: Multilevel

cache and Virtual memory

input/output and storages

multiprocessor and networks

Growth in Processor Performance

Insert Slide 9 here

• The supercomputers and mainframes, costing millions of dollars and occupying excessively large space, prevailing form of computing in 1960s were replaced with relatively low-cost and smaller-sized minicomputers in 1970s
• In 1980s, very low-cost microprocessor-based desktop computing machines in the form of personal computer (PC) and workstation were introduced.

Growth in Processor Performance

Insert Slide 9 here

• The growth in processor performance since mid-1980s has been substantially high than in earlier years
• Prior to the mid-1980s microprocessor performance growth was averaged about 35% per year
• By 2001 the growth raised to about 1.58 per year

Price-Performance Design

Technology improvements are used to

lower the cost and increase performance.

The relationship between cost and

price is complex one

The cost is the total amount spends to

produce a product

The price is the amount for which a

finished good is sold.

Price-Performance Design

The cost passes through

different stages before it

becomes price.

A small change in cost may

have a big impact on price

Price vs. Cost ….. Insert Slide 14

here

• List Price:

• Amount for which the finished good is

sold;

• it includes Average Discount of

15% to 35% of the as volume discounts

and/or retailer markup

Price vs. Cost ….. Price-Performance Design Cont‟d

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

Mini W/S PC

Averag e Discount Gross Marg in Direct Costs Component Costs

Cost-effective IC Design: Price-Performance Design

Reduction in feature size from 10 microns in 1971 and 0.18 in 2001has resulted in:

• Quadratic rise in transistor count
• Linear increase in performance
• 4-bit to 64-bit microprocessor
• Desktops have replaced time-sharing machines

Cost of Integrated Circuits

Manufacturing Stages:

The Integrated circuit

manufacturing passes through

many stage:

Wafer growth and testing

Wafer chopping it into dies

Packaging the dies to chips

Testing a chip.

Dies of Integrated Circuits

Cost of Integrated Circuits

Insert Slide 21 here

• The cost of integrated circuit can be

determined as ratio of the total cost;

i.e., the sum of the costs of die, cost of

testing die, cost of packaging and the

cost of final testing a chip; to the final

test yield.