Radiographic Imaging - Chapter 7, Exams of Nursing

A comprehensive overview of radiographic imaging, covering key concepts such as attenuation, classes of radiation, requirements for x-ray production, primary radiation, scatter radiation, radiolucent and radiopaque materials, exposure parameters (mas, kvp, sid), image quality factors, digital imaging technologies (computed radiography, direct and indirect capture dr), and various imaging principles and techniques. The document delves into the science behind radiographic imaging, explaining the physical processes and factors that influence image quality. It serves as a valuable resource for students and professionals in the field of radiography, providing a solid foundation in the fundamental principles and practical applications of radiographic imaging.

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2023/2024

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Radiographic Imaging - Chapter 7
attenuation - correct answer ✔✔process by which the nature of the primary radiation is changed
(partially absorbed or scattered) as it travels through the patient
classes of radiation - correct answer ✔✔Primary radiation
Scatter radiation
Absorbed radiation
Remnant radiation
requirements for the production of x-rays - correct answer ✔✔(1) Vacuum (tube housing)
(2) Source of electrons (filament)
(3) Method to accelerate the electrons(voltage) rapidly
(4) Method to stop the electrons (target)
primary radiation - correct answer ✔✔x-ray beam after it leaves the x-ray tube and before it reaches the
patient's body
remnant radiation - correct answer ✔✔radiation resulting after the beam exits the patient's body
scatter radiation - correct answer ✔✔an x-ray photon that interacts with the body's matter in such a way
that the resulting photon continues its travel in a different direction
radiolucent - correct answer ✔✔allow x-ray photons to pass through comparatively easily
radiopaque - correct answer ✔✔materials are not easily penetrable
milliampere-seconds (mAs) - correct answer ✔✔the parameter that controls the total amount or
quantity of x-radiation produced
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Radiographic Imaging - Chapter 7

attenuation - correct answer ✔✔process by which the nature of the primary radiation is changed (partially absorbed or scattered) as it travels through the patient classes of radiation - correct answer ✔✔Primary radiation Scatter radiation Absorbed radiation Remnant radiation requirements for the production of x-rays - correct answer ✔✔(1) Vacuum (tube housing) (2) Source of electrons (filament) (3) Method to accelerate the electrons(voltage) rapidly (4) Method to stop the electrons (target) primary radiation - correct answer ✔✔x-ray beam after it leaves the x-ray tube and before it reaches the patient's body remnant radiation - correct answer ✔✔radiation resulting after the beam exits the patient's body scatter radiation - correct answer ✔✔an x-ray photon that interacts with the body's matter in such a way that the resulting photon continues its travel in a different direction radiolucent - correct answer ✔✔allow x-ray photons to pass through comparatively easily radiopaque - correct answer ✔✔materials are not easily penetrable milliampere-seconds (mAs) - correct answer ✔✔the parameter that controls the total amount or quantity of x-radiation produced

millamperage - correct answer ✔✔the measure of electrical current passing through the x-ray tube time (in seconds) - correct answer ✔✔the duration of the exposure kilovolt peak (kVp) - correct answer ✔✔the measure of the electrical pressure ( potential difference) forcing the current through the tube; affects the quality and quantity of photons produced source-to-image distance (SID) - correct answer ✔✔distance between the point of x-ray emission in the tube (focal spot) and the IR controlling factors by the radiographer - correct answer ✔✔focal spot size, primary beam configuration, quantity and quality of scatter, and speed of the image receptor latent image - correct answer ✔✔invisible image created after exposure but before processing intensifying screens - correct answer ✔✔thin layers of polyester plastic coated with layers of luminescent phosphor crystals quantum mottle - correct answer ✔✔insufficient light is emitted from the phosphors and produces an image that is grainy computed radiography - correct answer ✔✔cassette or cassette based digital; uses storage phosphor reusable plates to produce image, the active chemical being barium fluorohalide direct capture DR - correct answer ✔✔devices that convert incident x-ray energy directly into an electrical signal which sends the signal to the computer for processing and viewing; contains amorphous selenium (a-Se) indirect capture DR - correct answer ✔✔devices that absorb x-rays and convert them into light using a two-step process; the light is detected by an area-charge-coupled device, and then converted into an electrical signal that is sent to the computer for processing and viewing; contains amorphous silicon (a- Si)

beam limitation - correct answer ✔✔the use of devices, such as a collimator, to confine the x-ray beam to the area of interest, thereby reducing exposure to body parts other than those under examination fog - correct answer ✔✔unwanted exposure grid - correct answer ✔✔a device that is designed to remove as many scattered photons exiting the patient as possible before they reach the IR key factors for evaluating proper IR exposure - correct answer ✔✔(1) exposure latitude (2) exposure index (3) automatic rescaling exposure latitude - correct answer ✔✔range of exposures that can be used and still result in the capture of a diagnostic-quality image exposure index - correct answer ✔✔a numeric representation of the quantity of exposure received by a digital image receptor which varies from one vendor to another automatic rescaling - correct answer ✔✔used when exposure is greater or less than what is needed window level - correct answer ✔✔controls image brightness window width - correct answer ✔✔controls contrast contrast media - correct answer ✔✔substances that attenuate the beam to a different degree than the surrounding tissue penumbra - correct answer ✔✔fuzzy edge umbra - correct answer ✔✔true edge

Thermal energy (heat) - correct answer ✔✔< 1% of photons produced is actually x-rays; the remaining 99% + is heat PSP - correct answer ✔✔photostimulable storage phosphor used in computed radiography CR equipment - correct answer ✔✔cassettes, CR readers, and image-display workstations remnant beam - correct answer ✔✔in CR, the remnant beam interacts with electrons in the barium fluorohalide crystals contained within the IP fluoroscopy - correct answer ✔✔the dynamic (moving) image produced by x-radiation Image Receptor (IR) - correct answer ✔✔A device that captures remnant radiation as it exits the patient and manifests the visible image. It may be a radiographic film and cassette, a phosphorescent screen (used in fluoroscopy or computed radiography), or a special detector placed in a table or upright bucky diaphragm including direct digital radiography or computed radiography using direct or indirect capture. Diagram of X-ray production - correct answer ✔✔ Patient medical condition - correct answer ✔✔Optimal image quality should be the rule but sometimes is less than optimal due to this factor. Film Based Imaging Department - correct answer ✔✔1. Typically images will be processed with in 90 seconds

  1. They use Processors to transport film throough the processing compartments 3.Processing chemicals include developer, fixer and wash. Quantum mottle - correct answer ✔✔Inadequate mAs exposures that will yield a grainy image. Shape distortion - correct answer ✔✔Intentional image distortion for imaging purposes