Radiographic Principles and Techniques, Exams of Nursing

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ARRT EXAM 2024/2025 WITH 100% ACCURATE SOLUTIONS What radiographic procedure must you use sterile gloves for touching items on the tray?-Answer Myelogram Written defamation of character is known as?-Answer Libel Which drug would you administer when a patient develops urticaria?-Answer Antihistamine What is another name for hives?-Answer Urticaria A skin rash triggered by a reaction to food, medicine, or other irritants.-Answer Hive Or Urticaria Transmission of an infection by insects such as a tick or mosquito is known as a?-Answer Vector When an object is free of all microorganisms it is termed?-Answer Sterile Why is the IV bag 18 to 20 inches above the level of the vein?-Answer To prevent the backflow of blood into the tubing which forms a clot and obstructs the flow of the IV fluid An inanimate object that is been in contact with an infectious organism is a?-Answer Fomite a specific situation in which a drug, procedure, or surgery should not be used because it may be harmful to the person.-Answer Contraindication The main advantage of using non-ionic water-soluble contrast media on the patient would be?-Answer Fewer adverse reactions What type of radiographic procedure requires an intrathecal injection?-Answer Myelogram ______ is a route of administration for drugs via an injection into the spinal canal-Answer intrathecal Which gauge size has the biggest lumen?-Answer The smallest number gauge has the biggest lumen If the CR is angled 40° Cephalic what projection of the calcareous so calcis are you taking?-Answer Plantodorsal Projection In the thoracic cavity each lung is enclosed in a?-Answer Pleura Which projection of the foot will best demonstrate the long arch?-Answer Lateralmedial erect or weight- bearing In the AP axial projection Townes of the skull with the CR directed 30° caudal to the OML and passing midway between the EAM which structures best demonstrated?-Answer Occipital Bone not alive, especially not in the manner of animals and humans. objects like stones showing no sign of life; lifeless.-Answer inanimate An imaging examination that involves the introduction of a spinal needle into the spinal canal and the injection of contrast material in the space around the spinal cord and nerve roots (the subarachnoid space) using a real-time form of x-ray called fluoroscopy.-Answer Myelogram The best way to control voluntary motion is?-Answer Careful explanation of the procedure to the patient Most commonly used 12:1-Answer 5 16:1-Answer 6 Density Maintenance Formula-Answer mAs1 = D1 squared mAs2 D2 squared Inverse square law-Answer I1= D2 squared I2 D1 squared What is the establish fetal does limit guideline for pregnant radiograph's during the entire gestation period?-Answer 0.5 rem 5 mSv 500mrem What should you use if you have to restrain a child or infant in order to perform a procedure?-Answer Restraining them with the use of a mechanical device if you cannot use a mechanical device have the patients father hold the child According to the NCRP the annual occupational full body does equipment limit is?-Answer 5 rem 50 mSv 5000mrem How will the x-ray photons intensity be affected if the SID is doubled?-Answer The intensity of the beam will decrease four times this is known as the inverse square law If the patient received 2000 MRAD during a 10 minute fluoro exam how much exposure will the patient recieve in five-minutes?-Answer 1000 Mrad which is half of what they received in 10 minutes The photo electric effect is an interaction between x-ray photons and...-Answer And inner shell electron What is recommended for the pregnant radiographer to use as far as the dosimeter badge?-Answer Wear one dosimeter badge outside the lead apron at the collar level and one dosimeter badge inside the lead apron at the level of the waist so A total of two badges are worn and these badges position should never be interchanged What is likely to occur if 25 Rad is delivered to fetus in early pregnancy?-Answer Spontaneous abortion will occur if 25 rad were to be delivered to fetus during the second through the 10th week skeletal abnormalities may appear How does filtration affect the primary beam?-Answer It increases the average energy of the primary beam by filtering out the low-energy photons The unit of measurement used to express occupational exposure is the?-Answer REM (seivert) The unit of absorbed dose is?-Answer Rad (gray) Biologic material is most sensitive to irradiation under which condition?-Answer Oxygenated The reduction in the intensity of the x-ray beam as it passes through a material is termed?-Answer Attenuation The largest amount of diagnostic x-ray absorption occurs in which tissue?-Answer Bone since it is the most dense tissue The effects of radiation on biological material are dependent on several factors. If a quantity of radiation is delivered to a body over a long period of time the fact will be?-Answer The effect will be less than if it were delivered all at one time for a short period of time What interaction contributes most to occupational exposure?-Answer Compton Scatter What factors affect both the quality and the quantity of the primary been?-Answer Half value layer (hvl) KV The unit of exposure in air is?-Answer Roentgen (C/kg) How often should lead aprons and lead gloves be check for cracks?-Answer Annually or once a year by the fluoroscope Which radiation monitors function on the basis of stimulated luminescence?-Answer 0SL and TLD What is the single most important scattering object in both radiography in Fluoroscopy?-Answer The patient A group of exposure factors are given which one will deliver the least amount of exposure?-Answer Highest KVp with lowest mass will give the least or safest amount The purpose of filters in a film badge is?-Answer To measure radiation quality Compton scatter occurs when a high-energy incident electron ejects what?-Answer An outer shell electron When a fast screen film system is used with the slow screen film automatic system the resulting images are?-Answer Too dark or overexposed A change to 3 phase and 6 pulse = ____ (original mAs)-Answer 2/3 A change to 3 phase and 12 pulse = ____ (original mAs)-Answer 1/2 What does a penetimeter evaluate?-Answer Penumbra Edge blur-Answer Penumbra Increasing SID will decrease magnification and increase recorded detail. A decrease in SID will do what to magnification? Do what to recorded detail?-Answer Increase magnification Decrease recorded detail Increasing SID will______magnification and_____recorded detail.-Answer Decrease Increase A smaller focal spot size will____recorded detail since the focal spot blur is smaller?-Answer Increase A larger focal spot size will____recorded details since greater blur is produced-Answer Decrease Density (brightness) is controlled by -Answer The number of the exit (remnant) rays sticking the IR Window leveling What controls the number of electrons passing from the cathode to the anode an x-ray tube?-Answer Mas What controls the quantity of the x-rays produced at the anode?-Answer Mas Quantity-Answer Mas Quality-Answer Kvp What controls the amount of radiation exiting the x-ray tube?-Answer Mas As mas is increased density is____in the same amount-Answer Increased As mas is decreased density_____in the same amount-Answer Decreases What directly controls the energy or quality of the x-rays produced?-Answer Kvp As KVP _____, a greater potential difference exists between the cathode in the anode-Answer Increases As the_____ __________increases, the electrons from the cathode strike the anode in greater numbers and with greater energy-Answer Potential difference As a Kvp increases a greater potential difference excists which results in an increase level of production of___wavelength and high-energy radiation-Answer Short KVP's affect on density is governed by what?-Answer 15% rule A increases in KVp of 15% ___ density-Answer Doubles A decrease in KVp by 15% _____ density-Answer 1/2s Intensity of the x-ray beam is inversely proportional to the square of the distance between the source of x-rays and the image receptor-Answer Inverse square law Intensity is measured in-Answer Roentgens Or coulombs/kilogram (SI) Radiographic density is a function of what?-Answer Beam intensity Beam intensity is governed by the?-Answer Inverse square law The inverse square law describes changes in____ ______-Answer Beam intensity (and radiographic density which is a function of being intensity) If the SID is doubled intensity (density)....-Answer Decreases four times If distance is halved, intensity (density) ...-Answer Increase four times Variations in intensity is the result of the____of the x-ray beam as it travels through space-Answer Divergence Different atomic number Same numbers of neutrons-Answer Isotones Same element Same atomic number Different mass-Answer Isotope Different atomic number Same mass-Answer Isobar During the first part of the first term of a pregnancy what type of abnormalities occur?-Answer Skeletal During the second part of the first term of pregnancy what type of abnormalities occur?-Answer Neurologic General diagnostic exams deliver a fetal dose less than _- RAD-Answer 1-2 Late effects shortened Achilles' tendon In which view is the OML at a 37° angle?-Answer Waters In which view are the petrous ridges projected below the maxillary sinuses?-Answer Waters When are the petrous ridges below the orbits?-Answer Caldwell at 30 degrees caudad When are the petrous ridges in the bottom one thirds of the orbits?-Answer PA caldwell 15 degrees caudad When do the petrous ridges fill the orbits?-Answer PA view Where is the degree difference of the OML and the IOML for a baby or small child?-Answer 14 degrees What is the degree difference between the OML and IOML for an adult?-Answer 7 degrees Glossitis-Answer Inflammation of the tongue 1 sec-Answer 1000ms Smallest carpal-Answer Pisiform Most palpable carpal-Answer Pisiform In which position is the pisiform free from superimposition?-Answer AP medial oblique Processes of the scapula?-Answer Coracoid Acromion Elimination of all living microorganisms-Answer Sterilization The frontal sinuses and ethmoidal are best used in the...-Answer Pa axial caldwell The sphenoid sinus is best viewed in the...-Answer Open mouth waters The maxillary sinuses are best viewed in the ....-Answer Waters In which view is the dorsum sellae and posterior clinoid process projected through the Foramina Magnum?-Answer Townes CR spatial frequency/resolution increases as PSP.....-Answer Crystal size decreases CR spatial frequency/resolution increases as ...-Answer Matrix size increases In electronic imaging brightness/density changes with changes in...-Answer Window level In electronic imaging contrast changes with changes in...-Answer Window width Electronic imaging there is a___dynamic range-Answer Wide In electronic Imaging there is a greater...-Answer Exposure latitude In electronic imaging mas and KV do not regulate ....-Answer density/brightness and contrast In electronic imaging IP's are very...-Answer Sensitive to fog When a CR artifact appears such as image fading what is the cause?-Answer Delay in processing When a CR artifacts such as fog appears what is the cause?-Answer Exposure to scattered radiation When a large field of view is used the image is___and requires___exposure-Answer Brighter Less When a small field of view is used that image is___bright and requires___exposure-Answer Less More CR spatial frequency/resolution increases as laser...-Answer Beam size decreases A grid results in ....... 1 2 3-Answer Less scatter fog Fewer gray tones Increase in contrast Beam restriction =-Answer A decrease in Compton interations Contrast decreases as filtration ____-Answer Increases Anatomy/pathology = ________ ______-Answer Subject contrast What controls contrast ?-Answer Atomic number Tissue density Tissue thickness Contrast agents Atomic number effects on contrast-Answer Increase in atomic number = increase in contrast Tissue density and thickness effects on contrasts-Answer Increase in tissue density or thickness = decrease in contrast Contrast agents equal a.....-Answer Increase in contrast Measures quality of radiation-Answer LET Hair losss-Answer Epilation Tissue without O2-Answer Anoxic Tissue with little o2-Answer Hypoxic Intensity =-Answer Quantity The thicker portion should be under the ______-Answer Cathode side The upper part of the lateral T spine should be under what?-Answer The cathode side When is the anode heal effect more pronounced?-Answer Large IR with a short SID Because the anode has a steep target angle A high S number-Answer Underexposure A high Ei number-Answer Overexposure Strep throat is a____-Answer Bacteria Most of the primary beam is made up of_____-Answer brems Radiation An electron approaching a positive nuclear charge changes direction and loses energy-Answer Brems radiation production An x-ray to the inner target needs to have a____ ______ number and a____ ______ point-Answer High atomic High melting True or false the cathode assembly receives both low and high voltages-Answer True High scale contrast =-Answer Short scale contrast CRs use ____ while DRs do not-Answer IPs The term_____is used to describe how much of the patient is included in the matrix-Answer FOV What permits the flow of current in only One Direction?-Answer A rectifier Interaction with low energy photons-Answer Compton scatter Which is the source of most scattered radiation?-Answer Patient When is more high energy photons produced?-Answer High kvp Quality-Answer Kvp Quantity-Answer MA 50 rem = _____ msv-Answer 500 The punch/penetrability-Answer Kvp High mAs ____ number of photons produced-Answer High ....is unrelated to photon energy ____ mas _____ kVP Keeps radiation dose to a minimum Tube life is extended-Answer Low mAs high kvp LET-Answer Linear Energy Transfer The rate at which energy is transferred from ionizing radiation to the soft tissue-Answer LET Leakage radiation is a form of ________ radiation-Answer Secondary The _________ radiation barrier has a _____ inch lead wall above _____feet.-Answer Secondary 1/32 7 True or false Secondary barriers should never be struck by the useful beam-Answer True True or false Primary barriers can be struck by the primary beam-Answer True Primary protective barriers are ______ feet tall and should have _____inch thick lead-Answer 7 1/16 (1.5mm) The dose to the lens is significantly reduced if a skull is shot ____-Answer PA