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Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2 latest upload, Exams of Pathophysiology

Cheyney University of PennsylvaniaPathophysiology

Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2 latest upload

Typology: Exams

2025/2026

Available from 02/12/2026

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Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2 latest
upload
1.
Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the
entire stom-
ach or a region): Gastritis
2.
Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe
ulceration with
hemorrhage: Acute Gastritis
3. Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied
by nausea and epigastric pain: Acute Gastritis
4.
Gastritis
develops
gradually.:
Chronic
Gastritis
5. Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive: Chronic
Gastritis
6. Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial
discomfort, and
hematemesis.: Acute Gastritis
7.
Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied
by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal
intake.:
Chronic
Gastritis
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Rasmussen Pathophysiology Exam 2 latest

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  1. Inflammation of the stomach's mucosal lining (may involve the entire stom- ach or a region): Gastritis
  2. Can be a mild, transient irritation, or it cab be a severe ulceration with hemorrhage: Acute Gastritis
  3. Usually develops suddenly and is likely to be accompanied by nausea and epigastric pain: Acute Gastritis
  4. Gastritis develops gradually.: Chronic Gastritis
  5. Gastritis can be further categorized as erosive or nonerosive: Chronic Gastritis
  6. Symptoms of: Anorexia, nausea & vomiting, postprandial discomfort, and hematemesis.: Acute Gastritis
  7. Symptoms of: May be asymptomatic, but usually accompanied by a dull epigastric pain and a sensation of fullness after minimal intake.: Chronic Gastritis

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  1. Inflammation of the stomach and intestines, usually because of an infection or allergic reaction: Gastroenteritis
  2. Usually due to primary inflammatory disease such as crohns disease: Chronic Gastroenteritis
  3. Commonly due to direct infection such as salmonella from raw or under- cooked chicken or eggs: Acute Gastroenteritis
  4. Signs & Symptoms: Diarrhea, abdominal discomfort, pain, nausea, and vom- iting: Gastroenteritis
  5. Most common cause of chronic gastritis: Helicobacter pylori
  6. Embeds itself in the mucous layer, activating toxins and enzymes that cause inflammation. Genetic vulnerability and lifestyle behaviors (smoking and stress) may increase the susceptibility: Helicobacter pylori
  7. Other causes of?: Organisms transmitted though food and water contamina- tion, long-term use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, excessive alcohol use, severe stress, autoimmune conditions, and other chronic disease: Gastritis
  8. Complications of?: Peptic ulcers, gastric cancer, and hemorrhage: Chronic Gastritis

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  1. Chyme periodically backs up from the stomach into the esophagus. Bile can also back up into the esophagus.: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
  2. These gastric secretions irritate the esophageal mucosa: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
  3. Causes of?: certain foods (e.g., chocolate, caffeine, carbonated beverages, citrus fruit, tomatoes, spicy or fatty foods, and peppermint), alcohol consump- tion, nicotine, hiatal hernia, obesity, pregnancy, certain medications (e.g., cor- ticosteroids, beta blockers, calcium-channel blockers, and anticholinergics), nasogastric intubation, and delayed gastric emptying: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
  4. Manifestations of?: heartburn, epigastric pain (usually after a meal or when recombinant), dysphagia, dry cough, laryngitis, pharyngitis, regurgitation of food, and sensation of a lump in the throat.: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
  5. Complications of?: esophagitis, strictures, ulcerations,

5 / 46 esophageal cancer, and chronic pulmonary disease: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)

  1. Often confused with angina and may warrant ruling out cardiac disease: GERD (Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease)
  2. Lesions affecting the lining of the stomach or duodenum: Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
  3. Risk factors of?: being male, advancing age, nonsteroidal anti- inflammatory drug use (NSAIDs), H. pylori infections, certain gastric tumors, and those for GERD.: Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
  4. Vary in severity from superficial erosions to complete penetration through the GI tract wall. Develops because of an imbalance between destructive forces and protective mechanisms: Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD)
  5. Types of Peptic Ulcer Disease (PUD): Duodenal Ulcers Gastric Ulcers Stress Ulcers
  6. Most commonly associated with excessive acid or H. pylori infections. Typi- cally present with epigastric pain that is relieved in the presence of food: Duodenal ulcers

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  1. Acute inflammation and necrosis of large intestine; it affects the mucosa and sometimes other layers: Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Ditt)
  2. Causes of?: Exposure to antibiotics, patients with cancer, or post abdominal surgery susceptible, mediated by bacterial toxins: Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Ditt)
  3. Manifestations of?: Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal pain, fever, and leukocytosis: Pseudomembranous Colitis (C. Ditt)
  4. Inflammation of the vermiform appendix. Most often caused by an infection. Triggers local tissue edema, which obstructs the small structure. As fluid builds inside the appendix, microorganisms proliferate: Appendicitis
  5. The appendix fills with purulent exudate and area blood vessels become compressed: Appendicitis
  6. Ischemia and necrosis develop. The pressure inside the appendix escalates, forcing bacteria and toxins out to surrounding structures.: Appendicitis
  7. Complications of?: abscesses, peritonitis, gangrene, and death: Appendicitis
  8. Manifestations of?: Vary from asymptomatic to sudden and

8 / 46 severe. Sharp abdominal pain develops, gradually intensifies (over about 12-24 hours), and becomes localized to the lower right quadrant of the abdomen (McBurney point). Pain may occur anywhere in abdomen. Pain will temporarily subside if the appendix ruptures, and then the pain will return and escalate.: Appendicitis

  1. Manifestations of?: Nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, and bowel pat- tern changes. indications of inflammation and infection (fever, chills, leukocytosis). Indications of peritonitis (abdominal rigidity, tachycardia, and hypotension): - Appendicitis
  2. Conditions related to the development of diverticula, outwardly bulging pouches of the intestinal wall that occur when mucosa sections or large intes- tine submucosa layers herniate through a weakened muscular layer.: Diverticular Disease
  3. May be congenital or acquired. Thought to be caused by a low-fiber diet and poor bowel habits that result in chronic

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  1. Caused by?: foreign bodies, adhesions, hernia, tumors, impacted fe- ces, volvulus, intussusception, strictures, Crohn's Disease, diverticulitis, Hirschsprung's disease, and fecal impaction.: Mechanical Bowel Obstruction
  2. Also called paralytic ileuses, usually result from neurologic impairment; in- tra-abdominal surgery complications; chemical, electrolyte, and mineral distur- bances; intra-abdominal infections; abdominal blood supply impairment; renal and lung disease; and use of certain medications: Functional Obstructions
  3. Most commonly occurs as a secondary tumor that he metastasized from the breast, lung, or other GI structures: Liver Cancer
  4. Causes of primary tumors in : chronic cirrhosis and hepatitis: Liver Cancer
  5. Manifestations of?: Similar to those of other liver diseases. Include anorexia, fever, jaundice, nausea, vomiting, abdominal pain (usually in the upper right quadrant), hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, portal hypertension, edema, third spacing, ascites, paraneoplastic

11 / 46 syndrome, diaphoresis, and weight loss.: Liver Cancer

  1. Inflammation of the pancreas that can be acute or chronic.: Pancreatitis
  2. Causes of?: Cholelithiasis, alcohol abuse, biliary dysfunction, hepatotoxic drugs, metabolic disorders, trauma, renal failure, endocrine disorders, pancre- atic tumors, and penetrating peptic ulcer.: Pancreatitis
  3. causes pancreatic enzymes to leak into the pancreatic tissue and initiate autodigestion, resulting in edema, vascular damage, hemorrhage, and necrosis.: Pancreatic Injury
  4. is replaced by fibrosis, which causes exocrine and endocrine changes and dysfunction of the islets of Langerhans: Pancreatic Tissue
  5. is considered a medical emergency. Mortality increases with advanc- ing age and comorbidity.: Acute Pancreatitis
  6. Complications of?: Acute respiratory distress syndrome, diabetes mellitus, infection, shock, disseminated intravascular coagulation, renal failure, malnu- trition, pancreatic cancer, pseudocyst, and abscess.: Acute Pancreatitis

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  1. Manifestations of?: biliary colic, abdominal distension, nausea, vomiting, jaundice, fever, and leukocytes: Cholelthiasis
  2. Sudden loss of renal function. Generally reversible. Most commonly occurs in critically ill, hospitalized patients.: Acute Renal Failure
  3. Risk factors of?: advanced age, autoimmune disorders, and liver disease.: - Acute Renal Failure
  4. Causes of Acute Renal Failure:. Extremely low blood pressure or blood volume. Heart dysfunction: Prerenal Conditions
  5. Causes of Acute Renal Failure:. Reduced blood supply within the kid- neys. Hemolytic uremic syndrome. Renal inflammation. Toxic injury.: Intrarenal Conditions
  6. Causes of Acute Renal Failure:. Ureter obstruction. Bladder obstruction and dysfunction.: Postrenal Conditions
  7. The four phases of Acute Renal Failure.: Asymptomatic Phase, Oliguric Phase, Diuretic Phase, and Recovery Phase

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  1. Daily urine output decreases to approximately 400 mL or less, such that waste products begin to accumulate.: Oliguric Phase
  2. Daily urine output increases to as much as 5 L.: Diuretic Phase
  3. Glomerular function gradually returns to normal.: Recovery Phase
  4. Manifestations of?: decreasing urine output, electrolyte disturbances, fluid volume excess, azotemia, and metabolic acidosis: Oliguric Phase
  5. Manifestations of?: increased urine output, electrolyte disturbances, dehy- dration, and hypotension: Diuretic Phase
  6. Manifestations of?: symptoms begin resolving: Recovery Phase
  7. Gradual loss of renal function that is irreversible.: Chronic Kidney Disease
  8. Causes of?: diabetes mellitus, hypertension, urine obstructions, renal dis- eases, renal artery stenosis, ongoing exposure to toxins and nephrotoxic med- ications, sickle cell disease, systemic lupus erythematosus, smoking, advancing age.: Chronic Kidney Disease
  9. How many stages are there for Chronic Kidney Disease: 5

16 / 46 Kidney Disease

  1. Infection that has reached on or both kidneys: Pyelonephritis
  2. E. coli is the most common culprit. Kidneys become grossly edematous and fill with exudate, compressing the renal artery. Abscesses and necrosis can develop, impairing renal function and causing permanent damage. May be acute or chronic: Pyelonephritis
  3. Complications of?: renal failure, recurrent UTIs, and sepsis: Pyelonephritis
  4. Manifestations of?: severe UTI symptoms, flank pain, and increased blood pressure: Pyelonephritis
  5. Inflammation of the bladder. The bladder and urethra walls become red and swollen: Cystitis
  6. Causes of?: infection and irritants: Cystitis
  7. Manifestations of?: UTI symptoms, abdominal pain, and pelvic pressure: Cys- titis
  8. A condition in which the urethra, or the tube that carries urine from the bladder to outside the body, becomes inflamed and irritated: Urethritis

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  1. Inherited disorder characterized by numerous grape-like clusters of flu- id-filled cysts in both kidneys: Polycystic Kidney Disease
  2. Cysts enlarge the kidneys while compressing and eventually replacing the functional kidney tissue. The exact trigger is unknown. Prognosis and progres- sion vary widely depending on the type.: Polycystic Kidney Disease
  3. What are the 2 types of Polycystic Kidney Disease?: Autosomal Dominant PKD, Autosomal Recessive PKD
  4. Mutation on the short arm of chromosomes 4 and 16. Occurs in both children and adults, but is much more common in adults. Symptoms often do not show up until middle age.: Autosomal Dominant PKD
  5. Less common and more serious. Appears in infancy or childhood. Progress- es rapidly, resulting in end-stage kidney failure and generally causing death in infancy or childhood.: Autosomal Recessive PKD
  6. Complications of?: pyelonephritis, cyst rupture, retroperitoneal bleeding, renal failure, anemia, hypertension, and renal calculi: Polycystic Kidney Disease
  7. Bilateral inflammatory disorder of the glomeruli that

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  1. Loss of urinary control: Urinary Incontinence
  2. Involuntary urination by a child after 4-5 years of age: Enuresis
  3. Bed-wetting: Nocturnal Enuresis
  4. Urinary incontinence resulting from a temporary condition: Transient Incontinence
  5. Causes of?: delirium, infection, atrophic vaginitis, use of certain medica- tions, psychological factors, high urine output, restricted mobility, fecal im- paction, alcohol, and caffeine: Transient Incontinence
  6. Loss of urine from pressure exerted on the bladder by coughing, sneezing, laughing, exercising, or lifting something heavy.: Stress Incontinence
  7. Occurs when the sphincter muscle of the bladder is weakened. Contributing factors: pregnancy, childbirth, menopause, cystocele, prostate removal, obesi- ty, and chronic coughing: Stress Incontinence
  8. Sudden, intense urge to urinate, followed by an involuntary loss of urine: -

20 / 46 Urge Incontinence

  1. Causes of?: Urinary tract infections, bladder irritants, bowel conditions, smoking, Parkinson's Disease, Alzheimer's disease, stroke, injury, and nervous system damage.: Urge Incontinence
  2. Urge incontinence with no known cause: Overactive Bladder
  3. Urinary incontinence caused by trauma or damage to the nervous system. Urgency is generally absent: Reflex Incontinence
  4. Increased detrusor muscle contractility that occurs even though there is no sensation to void: Detrusor Hyperreflexia
  5. Inability to empty the bladder, or retention. Other indications include drib- bling urine and a weak urine stream.: Overflow Incontinence
  6. Causes of?: bladder damage, urethral blockage, nerve damage, and prostate conditions: Overflow Incontinence
  7. Occurs because of a perceived inability to interrupt work to void that results in detrusor muscle areflexia and overflow incontinence: Chronic Overdistension
  8. Occurs when symptoms of more than one type of urinary incontinence are experienced: Mixed Incontinence