Research Modules for Science Student Learners | Exercises Environmental science

GRADE 10-APPLIED RESEARCH II

Second Quarter/Week 3

WHAT I NEED TO KNOW

After this module, you are expected to recognize and comprehend ethical principles

to help you avoid situations dealing with ethical concerns.

Specifically, you should be able to:

1. Define what is Ethics

2. Recognize and comprehend ethical principles

3. Enumerate some research misconduct

WHAT I KNOW

Instruction: Answer the table by checking the statement/scenario which corresponds to

research ethics principle.

YES

1. Research misconduct is defined as fabrication, falsification, or

plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in

reporting research results.

2. A researcher cannot decide on behalf of other persons on those

delicate issues. All aims, instruments and methodology must be

discussed with the prospective subject and the research workers

prior to the investigation.

3. Privacy cannot be invaded when researchers study certain

groups without their knowledge and without identifying

themselves.

4. It is generally agreed that an author should have made

substantial contribution to the intellectual content, including

conceptualizing and designing the study; acquiring, analyzing

and interpreting the data.

5. In order to meet recruitment pressure and expectations, a study

coordinator can complete the trial enrollment forms using faked

names and participants' information.

LESSON: RESEARCH ETHICS

Ethics are a set of moral principles and values a civilized society follows. Doing

science with principles of ethics is the bedrock of scientific activity. The society trusts that

the results and the projected outcome of any scientific activity is based on an honest and

conscientious attempt by the scientific community. (Sharma, 2015).

Researchers have always wondered what is allowed and forbidden in research. By

defining what is right and wrong within the research endeavor, the research community

has also drawn boundaries around its activities within society. (H. Mustajoki & A.

Mustajoki, 2017). Research ethics addresses the application of ethical principles or values

to various issues and fields of research such as the ethical aspects of the design and conduct

of research, the way human participants or animals within research projects are treated,

whether research results may be misused for criminal purposes, and aspects of scientific

misconduct.

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GRADE 10-APPLIED RESEARCH II

Second Quarter/Week 3 WHAT I NEED TO KNOW After this module, you are expected to recognize and comprehend ethical principles to help you avoid situations dealing with ethical concerns. Specifically, you should be able to:

Define what is Ethics
Recognize and comprehend ethical principles
Enumerate some research misconduct WHAT I KNOW Instruction: Answer the table by checking the statement/scenario which corresponds to research ethics principle. YES NO
Research misconduct is defined as fabrication, falsification, or plagiarism in proposing, performing, or reviewing research, or in reporting research results_._
A researcher cannot decide on behalf of other persons on those delicate issues. All aims, instruments and methodology must be discussed with the prospective subject and the research workers prior to the investigation.
Privacy cannot be invaded when researchers study certain groups without their knowledge and without identifying themselves.
It is generally agreed that an author should have made substantial contribution to the intellectual content, including conceptualizing and designing the study; acquiring, analyzing and interpreting the data.
In order to meet recruitment pressure and expectations, a study coordinator can complete the trial enrollment forms using faked names and participants' information. LESSON: RESEARCH ETHICS Ethics are a set of moral principles and values a civilized society follows. Doing science with principles of ethics is the bedrock of scientific activity. The society trusts that the results and the projected outcome of any scientific activity is based on an honest and conscientious attempt by the scientific community. (Sharma, 2015). Researchers have always wondered what is allowed and forbidden in research. By defining what is right and wrong within the research endeavor, the research community has also drawn boundaries around its activities within society. (H. Mustajoki & A. Mustajoki, 2017). Research ethics addresses the application of ethical principles or values to various issues and fields of research such as the ethical aspects of the design and conduct of research, the way human participants or animals within research projects are treated, whether research results may be misused for criminal purposes, and aspects of scientific misconduct.

WHAT’S IN

Researchers face an array of ethical requirements: They must meet professional, institutional and federal standards for conducting research with human participants, often supervise students they also teach and have to sort out authorship issues, just to name a few. To avoid such blunder here are the five recommendations APA's Science Directorate with regards to research ethics principle. Research Ethics Principle

Discuss intellectual property frankly Intellectual property is any product of the human intellect that the law protects from unauthorized use by others. The ownership of intellectual property inherently creates a limited monopoly in the protected property. APA's Ethics Code stipulates that researchers take credit only for work they have actually performed or to which they have substantially contributed and that publication credit should accurately reflect the relative contributions. If they contribute substantively to the conceptualization, design, execution, analysis or interpretation of the research reported, they should be listed as authors. Contributions that are primarily technical don't warrant authorship. In the same vein, advisers should not expect ex-officio authorship on their students' work.
Be conscious of multiple roles APA's Ethics Code says researchers should avoid relationships that could reasonably impair their professional performance or could exploit or harm others. But it also notes that many kinds of multiple relationships aren't unethical--as long as they're not reasonably expected to have adverse effects. One of the most common multiple roles for researchers is being both a mentor and lab supervisor to students they also teach in class. Psychologists need to be especially cautious that they don't abuse the power differential between themselves and students, say experts. They shouldn't, for example, use their clout as professors to coerce students into taking on additional research duties.
Follow informed-consent rules APA's Ethics Code mandates that researchers who conduct research should inform participants about:
- The purpose of the research, expected duration and procedures.
- Participants' rights to decline to participate and to withdraw from the research once it has started, as well as the anticipated consequences of doing so.
- Reasonably foreseeable factors that may influence their willingness to participate, such as potential risks, discomfort or adverse effects.
- Any prospective research benefits.
- Limits of confidentiality, such as data coding, disposal, sharing and archiving, and when confidentiality must be broken.
- Incentives for participation.
- Who participants can contact with questions.

WHAT’S NEW

Ethics in research with animals APA's 2002 Ethics Code, which takes effect June 1, mandates that psychologists who use animals in research:

Acquire, care for, use and dispose of animals in compliance with current federal, state and local laws and regulations, and with professional standards.
Ensure that all individuals under their supervision who are using animals have received instruction in research methods and in the care, maintenance and handling of the species being used, to the extent appropriate to their role.
Make reasonable efforts to minimize the discomfort, infection, illness and pain of animal subjects.
Use a procedure subjecting animals to pain, stress or privation only when an alternative procedure is unavailable and the goal is justified by its prospective scientific, educational or applied value.
Perform surgical procedures under appropriate anesthesia and follow techniques to avoid infection and minimize pain during and after surgery.
Proceed rapidly when it is appropriate that an animal's life be terminated, with an effort to minimize pain and in accordance with accepted procedures. WHAT IS IT Research Misconduct Research misconduct occurs when a researcher fabricates or falsifies data , or plagiarizes information or ideas within a research report. The misconduct must be committed intentionally, and the allegation must be proven by sufficient evidence. The definition of misconduct can also extend to breaches of confidentiality and authorship/publication violations. Falsification is the changing or omission of research results (data) to support claims, hypotheses, other data, etc. Falsification can include the manipulation of research instrumentation, materials, or processes. Manipulation of images or representations in a manner that distorts the data or “reads too much between the lines” can also be considered falsification. Fabrication is the construction and/or addition of data, observations, or characterizations that never occurred in the gathering of data or running of experiments. Fabrication can occur when “filling out” the rest of experiment runs, for example. Claims about results need to be made on complete data sets (as is normally assumed), where claims made based on incomplete or assumed results is a form of fabrication. Plagiarism is , perhaps, the most common form of research misconduct. Researchers must be aware to cite all sources and take careful notes. Using or representing the work of others as your own work constitutes plagiarism, even if committed unintentionally. When reviewing privileged information, such as when reviewing grants or journal article manuscripts for peer review, researchers must recognize that what they are reading cannot be used for their own purposes because it cannot be cited until the work is published or publicly available.

WHAT’S MORE

Activity 1 Instruction: In each box, write the different ethical principles ad considerations that you have learned that are necessary in conducting a scientific research. WHAT I HAVE LEARNED THE EXIT CARD Exit Card. In a short bond paper (8.5 inches by 11.0 inches). Fold it halfway until such it shows like a queue card. Make some designs like you can add creative writings, calligraphy font styles etc. The deal here is to create an exit card that shows the following brackets.

The things I learned: write at least 3 things you learned from your lesson. You can write the reasons, provided just briefly explain each to not be able to occupy much of the space.
The things I am still confused: 3 ideas you’re still confused. Write something why you still find it hard to learn? WHAT I CAN DO Activity 2 Instructions: Imagine you have been assigned the task of sitting on an Institutional review board (IRB) and have been asked to consider the research proposal below. Read the proposal and answer the questions that follow. Tyrone wants to study the impact of watching sexually suggestive/explicit television on people’s attitudes toward sex. He plans to test ninth graders because he believes they are still young enough to be highly impressionable. He will solicit volunteers to come after school. Half will be assigned to watch one hour of sexually explicit clips from a cable TV show while the other half will view an hour of clips from the same show that deal with nonsexual topics. After watching the TV shows, all participants will fill out a questionnaire about the attitudes toward sex. RESEARCH PRINCIPLES

References Om P. Sharma (2015). Ethics in Science, Indian J Microbiol. 2015 Sep; 55(3): 341–344. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4456506/ Henriikka Mustajoki, and Arto Mustajoki (2017). A New Approach to Research Ethics: Using Guided Dialogue to Strengthen Research Communities https://books.google.com.ph/books?id=5iclDwAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=r esearch+ethics&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjSpIHYu7vuAhWsGEKHVCPBzEQ6AEw AnoECAMQAg#v=onepage&q=research%20ethics&f=false https://www.apa.org/ed/precollege/topss/lessons/research-ethics.pdf https://www.apa.org/monitor/jan03/animals https://www.apa.org/monitor/jan03/principles https://www.apa.org/research/responsible/misconduct#:~:text=Research%20misconduc t%20occurs%20when%20a,ideas%20within%20a%20research%20report.&text=T he%20definition%20of%20misconduct%20can,confidentiality%20and%20authors hip%2Fpublication%20violations. https://ccnmtl.columbia.edu/projects/cire/pac/foundation/#:~:text=their%20personal% 20information.,1.2%20What%20is%20Confidentiality%3F,of%20protecting%20an%20in dividual's%20privacy

Research Modules for Science Student Learners, Exercises of Environmental science

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Download Research Modules for Science Student Learners and more Exercises Environmental science in PDF only on Docsity!

GRADE 10-APPLIED RESEARCH II

WHAT’S IN

WHAT’S NEW

WHAT’S MORE