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CHAPTER I
Introduction Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) is a perennial grass in the family Poaceae grown for its fragrant leaves and stalks (PlantVillage, 2020). Leaves may also be used to make Lemongrass tea. The grass is considered a diuretic, tonic, and stimulant. Investigations carried out on different Lemongrassextracts showed other important therapeutic potentials such as anti-cancer and antihypertensive. Others include non-toxic properties, anti-diabetic, antioxidant, anxiolytic, antinociceptive, and anti-fungi (Shah et al., 2011). The essential oil extracted from the leaves is commonly used in perfumes, soaps, insect repellents,and adulticides (PlantVillage, 2020). An adulticide is a pesticide used to kill adult insects rather than their larvae, such as adult mosquitoesthat carry diseases like Dengue Fever, Yellow Fever, and Chikungunya. Adulticides may be applied by a Mosquito-control program, a licensed pest control professional, or as a do-it-yourself application. There are organic adulticides nowadays that contain organic materials to avoid harming humans, other living things, and the environment. Mosquitoes( Aedes sp. ) are small flying insects from the family of Culicidae which sting people and animals to suck their
blood. All mosquito species have one (1) pair of scaled wings with a pair of halters that are used for balance and direction. Mosquitoes have slender bodies with long legs. While their size varies by species, most mosquitoesare smaller than 15 mm in length with a massof less than 2.5 mg. Although mosquitoes appear very fragile, they are extremely resilient insects whose females may draw blood from a variety of animals. A male mosquito sole purpose in their life is to mate with females. Males can seek out female mosquitoesto mate with by listening to the sounds of their wings, which beats 500 times per second. The lifespan of male mosquitoes is only for 1-2 weeks, where they only feed on nectar and water. Females do this as well, but their main meal comes from animals and humans. The female mosquitoes have a set of slender organs in the proboscis adapted to puncture the skins of animals and to suck their blood. Females will only drink blood after they have mated with a male since they need protein and iron to reproduce. Mosquitoes ( Aedes sp. ) are one of the deadliest animals in the world. Their ability to carry and spread diseases to humans causes millions of deaths each year. One of the mostleading causes of death in the Philippines is a disease caused by mosquitoes, the Dengue Fever. According to the World Life Expectancy (2017), the Philippines
This study conceptualized an organic way of controlling diseases brought by mosquitoes. Lemongrass was used as a solution material against mosquitoes as the researchers believe that this can help control or prevent the growth of mosquitoes. The researchers used different concentrations of Lemongrass such as 25%, 50%, and 75% to test the effectiveness as an organic adulticide against mosquitoes. This study will promote the use of organic materials instead of using toxic chemicals in controlling the population of mosquitoes by making Lemongrass an organic adulticide. This study will generate an environment-friendly and low-priced adulticide from Lemongrass to make an organic mosquitoadulticide incense. Statement of the Problem This study aimed to investigate the adulticidal effectiveness of Lemongrass as an organic adulticidal solution. Specifically, it answered the following questions:
- What is the mortality rate of mosquitoes to Lemongrass - mosquito incense with the 25%, 50%, and 75% concentration?
- Is there a significant difference between the mortality rate of Lemongrass with 25%, 50%, and 75% concentration against mosquitoes?
Hypothesis of the Study This study was guided by the hypothesis that there is no significant difference in the mortality rate of mosquitoes among the different concentrations of dried, pulverized Lemongrass. Assumptions of the Study This study was guided by the following assumptions:
- Lemongrass has phytochemical properties that can kill mosquitoes.
- The effects of Lemongrass extract solutions against mosquitoes vary. Significance of the Study This study focused on the effectiveness of Lemongrass as an organic adulticide to fight against mosquitoes. Through this study, the control of mosquitopopulation will effectively decrease the cases of diseases caused by the different species of mosquito-like Asian TigerMosquito ( Aedes albopictus ) and Yellow Fever Mosquito ( Aedes aegypti ) with the aid of organic solutions. This study will be beneficial to the manufacturers of different pesticide industries, farmers,households, and future researchers.It will help manufacturers and of different pesticide industries to get the idea of generating environmental-friendly and low-priced adulticide. It will
Sur. This study used the Lemongrass plant as the main ingredient for the mosquito incense which will be dried and pulverized. Also, this study will use different concentrations for the Lemongrass such as 25%, 50%, and 75%, and will be mixed with corn starch and charcoal. The experimentation of this study will be delimited to three (3) trials for every concentration, for a total of nine (9) trials. The time of observation for the reactions of mosquitoes to the Lemongrass will be up only when incense had been fully burnt. Definition of Terms This section presents various terms that were defined conceptually and operationally for a precise and better understanding of this study. Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus ). PlantVillage (2020) described this term as a perennial grass in the family Poaceae grown for its fragrant leaves and stalks. The grass is considered a diuretic,
tonic, and stimulant. Leaves may also be used to make lemongrass tea. The essential oil extracted from the leaves is commonly used in insect repellents, perfumes, and soaps. In this study, it is the plant that served as the main substance of the mosquito incense. It was of different concentrations such as 25%, 50%, and 75% to test the effectiveness of it as an organic adulticide against mosquitoes. Mosquito Incense. Medium.com (2019) described this term as to keep the undesirable guests that mosquitoesare, at bay. The herbal sticks have been formulated with natural ingredients that not only kill these bugs, and insects but also produce a whiff of enchanting fragrance.In this study, it is the variable made up of different concentrations of Lemongrass that the researchers used as an adulticide against mosquitoes. Organic. Collins English Dictionary (2020) defined this term as methods of farming and gardening that used only natural animal and plant products to help the plants or animals grow and be healthy, rather than using chemicals. In this study, the researchers made an organic adulticide against mosquitoesthat are commonly found in Southeast Asia. Adulticide. Your Dictionary (2020) defined this term as a pesticide used to kill adult insects rather than their larvae. In this
amounts of dried and pulverized Lemongrass applied in the Mosquitoeswhich was subjected to testing. Review of Related Literature and Studies This section will present the related literature gathered from various sources that were found to have bearing to present study. These articles and publications will provide insights intothe conceptualization and interpretation of data of the study. Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) According to Pest Strategies (2020), many insects are repelled by the citral content in Lemongrass. In some instances, Lemongrassoil has even stacked itself up against Diethyltoluamide (DEET) to protect against predatory mosquitoes. These repellents present a chemical-free option to enjoy the outdoors, particularly as mosquito season ramps up. Because of the aforementioned concentration of citral, insects are no match for Lemongrassessential oils and will more than likely stay away from anyone with a healthy smattering of it on their skin.
According to Catapang et al. (2015), the herb Lemongrass has a lot of benefits. It can be antibacterial, a pain reliever, and many more. It can also be used in cooking, especially in Asian cuisine. According to Hasim et al. (2015), Lemongrass is a plant commonly used as a spice by the people in Indonesia. Utilization is limited to the stalks lemongrass only, while the leaves are still become waste. According to New Tech Bio (2007), Lemongrass herb is a very popular plant found commonly in India and used for medicinal, food and mosquito and insect repellent products. The Lemongrass oil is also used in cosmetics, soaps, perfumes, and dyes which odorizes along with thousands of other products. Adulticide According to the United States Environmental Protection Agency (2017), communities seek to control adult mosquitoes to combat an outbreak of mosquito-borne disease or a very heavy, nuisance infestation of mosquitoes. The pesticides that were registered for this use are known as adulticides. They are applied either by aircraft or on the ground employing truck-mounted sprayers. Adulticides can be used for public health mosquito control programs without posing risks
from 1,448 cases reported during the same period last year. Dengue is a viral disease with no known cure. The complications of Dengue may lead to death, so they have implemented the Dengue prevention that starts with one’s self. According to Gonzales et al. (2017), mosquitoes are infamous vectors for their numerous life-threatening diseases. Insecticides are mostly employed to control the vector population with their applications warrant the discovery of environmental-friendly approaches to control mosquitoes at various stages of their development. According to Alvado et al. (2015), Dengue and Malaria are the most common and rapidly emerging febrile diseases transmitted by Aedes aegypti and Anopheles Mosquitoes. These are acute infections that can kill much faster than Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). According to Dr. De Las Llagas (2011), the mosquito species, Aedes aegypti and Aedes albopictus, are capable of transmitting Dengue Virus because their bodies support the development of pathogenic agent, Dengue Virus for this case. The mosquitoestransmit the virus from one host to another through injecting their proboscis to the victim’s skin.
Synthesis of the State-of-the-Art The similarities of the study to the related literatures are; 1) the use of Lemongrass as a protection against mosquitoes because of its citral content as mentioned by Pest Strategies (2020), and 2) mosquitoes are infamous for transmitting diseases that are life- threatening such as Dengue and Malaria as mentioned by Gonzales et.al (2017). Through this study, the researchers can contribute to minimize the population of mosquitoes that carries different kind of risks and diseases that affects everyone’s health and life. The uniqueness of this study from previous studies is that the researchers will determine the adulticidal property of Lemongrass, unlike other studies that used Lemongrassas a repellent. The researchers will make a mosquito adulticide incense as an organic adulticide, unlike most adulticides that are applied to aircraft or on the ground employing truck-mounted sprayers. Theoretical Framework Shelford’s Law of Tolerance is a law stating that the abundance or distribution of an organism can be controlled by certain factors; the concept of limiting effect of maximum and minimum.
Limiting Factor in this study, the researches created a product – an organic adulticide mosquito incense that will serve as the factor which can limit or prevent the growth of the population of the mosquitoes. Thompson’s Fundamental Theory of Natural and Biological Control. This theory states that natural control refers to the fact that no organism increases indefinitely in number without limit. And it is the control of an animal or plant species through the action of other living organisms. To apply the Fundamental Theory of Natural and Biological Control in this study, the researchers created a product – an organic adulticide mosquito incense to help control the growth of mosquitoes.
Theoretical Paradigm Figure 1.1 Theoretical Paradigm Effectiveness of Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) –Mosquito Adulticide Incense as an Organic Adulticide against Mosquitoes ( Aedes sp. ) Law of Tolerance (Shelford, 1911) Law of Limiting Factor (Blackman, 1905) Fundamental Theory of Natural and Biological Control (Thompson, 1956)
The output of the study was the organic mosquito incense against mosquitoes by using dried, pulverized Lemongrass mixed with pulverized charcoal, corn starch, and tap water. The name of the product is Tu-Re X. Conceptual Paradigm Mortality rate of Mosquitoes with 25%, 50%, and 75% concentration solution of lemongrass dried leaves. Preparation of Lemongrass. Preparation of Solution. Testing. Statistical Treatment, Analysis and Interpretation. Effects of Lemongrass mosquito incense as organic adulticide against mosquitoes. Organic Adulticide: Lemongrass – mosquito incense. Tu-Re X Mosquito Incense Feedback Effectiveness of Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon Citratus ) – Mosquito Incense as an Organic Adulticide against Mosquitoes ( Aedes Sp. ) INPUT PROCESS OUTPUT
CHAPTER II
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This chapter presents the research design, research materials, research setting, research instrument, research materials, data gathering procedure, and the statistical treatment. Research Design This study was an experimental-correlational research design to determine the effectiveness of the adulticidal activity of Lemongrass ( Cymbopogon citratus ) against mosquitoes ( Aedes sp. ). The experimental method tested if the different concentrations of Lemongrass have a significant difference against mosquitoes and which solution concentration of Lemongrass is more effective adulticide against mosquitoes. Correlational research design seeks to understand what kind of relationships the different concentrations, such as 25%, 50%, and 75% of Lemongrass have with one another. Research Setting This study was conducted in the Municipality of Libmanan, Camarines Sur. There are seventy-five (75) barangays in Libmanan,
