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‘OF ALL THE ARTS, FOR US CINEMA

IS THE MOST IMPORTANT’

VLADIMIR LENIN, FEBRUARY 1922

(ATTRIBUTED)

1. THE BOLSHEVIKS’ ‘COMMUNICATION PROBLEM’

• Russian society, late 19th-

early 20

th

c.

• largely rural, peasant population
• relatively recent emancipation of serfs (1861) - expansion of primary schooling post- 1861 Russian peasant family (unknown photographer, late 19 th c.)

THE BOLSHEVIKS’ ‘COMMUNICATION PROBLEM’

• limits of popular education
  • narrow curriculum
  • high rates of ‘regressive illiteracy’
  • significant urban/rural divide
  • limited political awareness The Village School (Vladimir Makovsky, 1883)

Visual Culture: Russian Orthodox icons and imagery main iconostasis ( th

• 17 th c.), Cathedral of the Dormition, Moscow Kremlin

Cathedral of the Annunciation, Moscow Kremlin

Visual Culture: popular prints and chapbooks Tale about How Grandpa Planted a Giant Turnip (artist unknown, late 19 th c.)

Visual Culture: popular prints and chapbooks Tale of the Fisherman and the Fish (lithograph, pub. P. I. Orekhov, 1878) Russian Hercules Chased the French (coll. and pub. D. A. Rovinskii, 1881)

Visual Culture: advertisements Advertisement for the First Russian Knitting and Embroidery Cotton Factory (P. Ostashov,

Greengrocer and grain merchant, Yaroslavl (unknown photographer, 1908-

2. VISUALISING CHANGE IN 1917

• reflection of major

upheavals in visual culture

• use of visual culture to

personify and to persuade

Funeral for victims of the February Revolution (Karl Bulla, March 1917)

Visualising Change: the Provisional Government ‘The Great Liberation of Russia’ (March 1917)

Visualising Change: Constituent Assembly Elections ‘Vote for the Party of the SRs’ (1917)

VISUAL CULTURE AND THE BOLSHEVIK ‘SEIZURE OF MEANING’

• use of ‘invented traditions’

(Hobsbawm) to…

• legitimise authority
• establish group membership
• promote socialisation Poster marking the first anniversary of the October Revolution (October 1918)

Seizing Meaning: legitimising authority The Red Banner (V. I. Kozlinskii, 1918)