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Science Study Guide (TEAS), Study Guides, Projects, Research of Life Sciences

San José State University (SJSU)Life Sciences

TEAS Science Section Study Guide

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2018/2019

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TEAS Test Study Guide: Science

Cell Cycle

• Mitosis = “daughter cell” exact replica

• Interphase (G1, S, G2)

•Prophase

• Metaphase

• Anaphase

• Telophase

•Cytokinesis

• Meiosis = “daughter cells” different genetic coding

• Only happens in gametes*

• 1st phase

• chromosomes cross over

• genetic material exchanged

• tetrads of 4 chromatids formed

Homologous pairs of chromatids are separated and go to different poles

2 cells go through 2nd cell division

4 daughter cells with different sets of chromosomes

• Haploid : contains half genetic material of parent cell

• Zygote- controls cell differentiation

Tissues

groups of cells

Muscle, nerve, epithelial, connective

1. Epithelial: (joined together tightly) ex. Skin

2. Connective: (dense, loose, or fatty) ex. Bone tissue, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood,

lymph

Protects & binds body parts

2.a. Cartilage: cushions & provides structural support

2.i. Fibrous

2.b.Blood: transports oxygen to cells & removes waste / ALSO carries hormones & defends

against disease

2.c. Bone: (hard) produces red blood cells

3. Muscle: Support & move body

2.d.Smooth

2.e. Cardiac

2.f. Skeletal

4. Nervous: ex. Brain, spinal cord, & nerves

2.g.Neurons- control responses to changes in environment

Organs

groups of tissues

ex. Heart = muscle tissue in myocardium; connective tissue in blood; nervous tissue for heart rate;

epithelial tissue in membranes

Organ Systems

groups of organs

1. Integumentary (Exocrine system)

1.a. Skin

1.i. Sebaceous glands sweat glands

1.ii. Hair

1.iii. Nails

1

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TEAS Test Study Guide: Science

Cell Cycle

Mitosis = “daughter cell” exact replica
- Interphase (G 1 , S, G 2 )
- (^) Prophase
- Metaphase
- Anaphase
- Telophase
- (^) Cytokinesis
Meiosis = “daughter cells” different genetic coding
- Only happens in gametes*
- 1 st^ phase
  - chromosomes cross over
  - genetic material exchanged
  - tetrads of 4 chromatids formed Homologous pairs of chromatids are separated and go to different poles 2 cells go through 2nd^ cell division 4 daughter cells with different sets of chromosomes
Haploid : contains half genetic material of parent cell
Zygote- controls cell differentiation

Tissues

groups of cells Muscle, nerve, epithelial, connective

Epithelial: (joined together tightly) ex. Skin
Connective: (dense, loose, or fatty) ex. Bone tissue, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fat, blood, lymph Protects & binds body parts 2.a. Cartilage : cushions & provides structural support 2.i. Fibrous 2.b. Blood : transports oxygen to cells & removes waste / ALSO carries hormones & defends against disease 2.c. Bone : (hard) produces red blood cells
Muscle: Support & move body 2.d. Smooth 2.e. Cardiac 2.f. Skeletal
Nervous: ex. Brain, spinal cord, & nerves 2.g.Neurons- control responses to changes in environment

Organs

groups of tissues ex. Heart = muscle tissue in myocardium; connective tissue in blood; nervous tissue for heart rate; epithelial tissue in membranes

Organ Systems

groups of organs

1. Integumentary (Exocrine system)

1.a. Skin 1.i. Sebaceous glands sweat glands 1.ii. Hair 1.iii. Nails

1.b. Protection 1.iv. Protects body from pathogens 1.c. Secretion 1.v. Secrete oil 1.d. Communication 1.vi. Sensory receptors send info. about pain, touch, pressure, and temperature

LAYERS OF THE SKIN

1.1. Epidermis 1.a. (^) Most superficial layer of skin 1.b. Epithelial cells **Does not contain any blood vessels 1.c. Stratum basale 1.i. deepest portion 1.ii. (^) single layer of cells 1.iii. keratinized 1.1. waxy protein waterproofs skin 1.2. Dermis 1.d. (^) Mostly connective tissue 1.e. Blood vessels, sensory receptors, hair follicles, sebaceous glands, sweat glands 1.f. Elastin and collagen fibers 1.3. (^) Subcutaneous layer/ Hypodermis 1.g. Connective tissue 1.iv. Binds skin to muscle 1.h. Fat deposits cushion and insulate TEMPERATURE HOMEOSTASIS skin is involved in temperature homeostasis through sweat glands a. Controlled by negative feedback system a.a. Receptor a.i. (^) Sensory cells in dermis of skin a.b. Control center a.ii. Hypothalamus a.c. Effector a.iii. (^) Sweat glands, blood vessels, and muscles (shivering) a.iv. Evaporation of sweat cools body a.v. Vasodilation of blood vessels release heat into environment to lower body temperature SEBACEOUS VS SWEAT GLANDS a. Both exocrine glands a.a. Secrete substances into ducts a.i. Through ducts to the surface of the skin a.1. (^) Sebaceous glands a.a. Holocrine glands a.i. Secrete sebum a.1. Oily mixture of lipids and proteins a.b. Connected to hair follicles and secrete sebum through hair pore a.2. Sweat glands a.c. (^) Eccrine or apocrine glands a.ii. Eccrine glands: not connected to hair follicles a.2. Secrete salty solution a.3. (^) Forehead, neck, back

1.j. Separates thoracic & abdominal cavities 1.5. Intercostal muscles 1.k. Between ribs 1.f. Function 1.xiv. Supply body w/ oxygen by alveoli 1.xv. Filters air (warmed, moistened, & filtered before reaching lungs) 1.xvi. Speech (air moves through larynx produces sound trachea 1.xvii. Smell 1.6. Chemoreceptors (in nasal cavity) respond to chemicals 1.xviii. BREATHING PROCESS (controlled by medulla oblongata) 1.7. Diaphragm & intercostal muscles expand increase size of chest cavity 1.8. Volume chest cavity increases = pressure inside decreases 1.9. Outside air (high pressure); Air in lungs (low pressure) air goes in lungs 1.10. Muscles relax air leaves lungs

Cardiovascular
BLOOD - Red blood cells ■ Transport oxygen to cells ■ Form in bone marrow - White blood cells ■

Defen

d against infection

Lymphocytes
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Eosinophils
Basophils
Platelets ■ Blood clotting
Plasma ■ half blood volume ■ mostly water/ serves as a solvent ■ contains plasma proteins, ions, glucose, amino acids, hormones, & dissolved gas

• BLOOD VESSELS

• HEART

4 chambers ■ each half = atrium & ventricle - AV valve separates halves - between ventricle & artery leading away from heart - keep blood moving in single direction
Cardiac cycle ■ Atrial contraction = fills ventricles ■ Ventricular contraction = empties ventricles ■ 1 st^ DIASTOLE PHASE - Blood flows through superior & inferior venae cavae - (heart relaxed) atrium tricuspid valve right ventricle - SA node (pacemaker wall of right atrium) generates signals (carried by Purkinje fibers) to rest of atrium - Contracts & fills right ventricle w/ blood - Impulse from SA node transmitted to ventricle through AV node - Signals the right ventricle to contract & initiate 1st^ systole phase ■ 1 st^ SYSTOLE PHASE - Tricuspid valve closes Pulmonary semilunar valve opens - Blood is pumped out the pulmonary arteries to lungs ■ 2 nd^ DIASTOLE PHASE - Blood returning from lungs fills left atrium - (^) SA node triggers mitral valve to open Blood fills left ventricle ■ 2 nd^ SYSTOLE PHASE - Mitral valve closes Aortic semilunar valve opens - Left ventricle contracts blood is pumped out of aorta to rest of body
Types of Circulation ■ Coronary : Flow of blood to heart
Coronary arteries aorta (supplying major arteries) enter heart w/ oxygenated blood
Deoxygenated blood returns to right atrium through cardiac veins (empty into the coronary sinus) ■ Pulmonary : flow of blood between the heart & lungs

1.h. Hormones (pancreas) 1.xxi. Insulin 1.19. Control carbohydrate metabolism 1.y. Lowering blood sugar 1.20. Affects fat metabolism 1.xxii. Glucagon 1.21. Control carbohydrate metabolism 1.z. Increase blood sugar THYROID & PARATHYROID GLANDS a. Parathyroid glands i. 4 small glands ii. secrete parathyroid hormone

increase blood calcium b. Thyroid gland i. regulate metabolism ii. secretes
Thyroxine 1.a. Increase metabolism
Triiodothyronine 1.b.Increase metabolism
Calcitonin 1.c. Decreases blood calcium c. Hypothalamus i. directs pituitary gland to secrete TSH
stimulates the thyroid gland to release these hormones as needed

■ ex. Response to a puff of air into the eyes

pons

Midbrain integrates sensory signals & makes responses to them
Forebrain

cerebrum
cerebral cortex ■ thin layer of gray matter covering cerebrum
thalamus
hypothalamus

Brain Stem (connected to spinal cord)

information from the body is sent to the brain through the brain stem
information from the brain is sent to the body through the brain stem

Midbrain
- lies above the pons & the medulla oblongata
- Parts include
  - Tectum
  - Tegmentum
  - Central tegmentum
- Important part of vision & hearing
Pons
- Between midbrain & medulla oblongata
- Information is sent across the pons from the cerebrum to the medulla & the cerebellum
Medulla oblongata
- Beneath the midbrain & pons
- Connects spinal cord to the brain
- Important role with autonomous nervous system in circulatory & respiratory system

**Peripheral nervous system consists of the nerves & ganglia throughout the body & includes sympathetic nerves which trigger the “fight or flight” response, and the parasympathetic nerves which control basic body function

Four main lobes

Frontal lobe
- located at the front of the brain
- Responsible for
  - short term & working memory
  - information processing
  - decision making, planning, judgment
Parietal lobe
- slightly towards the back of the brain & the top of the head
- Responsible for
  - Sensory input
  - Spatial positioning of the body
Occipital lobe
- Located at the back of the head just above the brain stem
- Responsible for
  - Visual input, processing, and output ■ Specifically nerves from eyes enter directly to this lobe
Temporal lobe
- Located at the left and right sides of brain

Responsible for ■ Auditory input, processing, and output Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) maintains homeostasis within the body (regulate heart rate, breathing rate, body temperature, & blood pH
controls functions of internal organs, blood vessels, smooth muscle tissues, & glands
this accomplished through direction of hypothalamus ■ located above midbrain ■ controls ANS through the brain stem
2 divisions
1. Sympathetic Nervous System ■ controls body’s reaction to extreme, stressful, & emergency situations
increases heart rate signals adrenal glands triggers dilation of pupils slows digestion
1. Parasympathetic Nervous System ■ counteracts effects of the sympathetic nervous system Somatic Nervous System (SNS) & the Reflex Arc controls the 5 senses & voluntary movement of skeletal muscle
all neurons connected to sense organs
Efferent nerves ■ Motor ■ Efferent muscles bring signals from the CNS to sensory organs & muscles
Afferent nerves ■ Sensory ■ Afferent muscles bring signals from sensory organs & the muscles to the CNS
Reflex Arcs: involuntary movements
Simplest nerve pathway ■ Bypasses the brain & is controlled by the spinal cord

Immune System (Lymphatic System & red bone marrow and leukocytes)

1.i. Return excess tissue fluid to bloodstream 1.xxiii. Transport vessels & lymphoid organs 1.xxiv. Lymphoid organs 1.22. Lymph nodes 1.aa. located at intervals throughout lymph vessel system 1.bb. each node contains lymphocytes & plasma cells 1.23. Spleen 1.cc. Filters blood stores of red blood cells & macrophages 1.v. Help fight infections 1.dd. Upper left of abdomen 1.vi. Behind stomach & immediately below diaphragm 1.vii. Made of lymphoid tissue 1.ee. Blood vessels are connected to spleen by splenic sinuses 1.ff. Peritoneal ligaments support spleen

■ Dendritic cells

Present antigens to T cells
Granulocytes ■ Neutrophils
Short-lived phagocytes that respond quickly ■ Basophils
Alert body of invasion ■ Eosinophils
Large, long-living phagocytes
T lymphocytes ■ Helper T cells
Produce antibodies to help fight infections ■ Killer T cells
Destroy infected cells ■ Suppressor T cells
Stop other T cells when over ■ Memory T cells
Remain in blood incase invader attacks again
B lymphocytes ■ Produce antibodies
Natural killer cells

ANTIGEN & IMMUNE RESPONSE

Antigen
- Stimulate immune system
- Proteins on surfaces of bacteria, viruses, & fungi
Typical Immune Response
- Pathogen enters body engulfed by macrophage killer T cells & B cells activated ■ Killer T cells - search out & destroy cells w same antigens ■ B cells - differentiate into plasma and memory cells - Plasma cells - Produce antibodies specific to pathogen Antibodies bind to antigens on the surface of pathogens & mark them for destruction by other phagocytes - Memory cells - Remain in blood stream to protect against future infections

Digestive MOUTH & STOMACH 1.j. Digestion: Mouth (chewing/ saliva) pharynx esophagus stomach 1.xxvi. Stomach 1.30. (^) Mixing/ storing food 1.31. Dissolving/ degrading food 1.32. Control passage of food into small intestine 1.mm. Stomach acidity breaks down food makes nutrients available for absorption 1.nn. Peristalsis: contracts & relaxes to move nutrients into small intestine absorption process begins 1.xxvii. Liver 1.33. (^) Largest solid organ/ largest gland (3 pounds) 1.34. Below diaphragm on right side of chest 1.35. 4 lobes 1.oo. Right 1.pp. (^) Left 1.qq. Quadrate 1.rr. Caudate 1.36. Secured to diaphragm & abdominal walls by 5 ligaments 1.ss. (^) falciform 1.xi. forms a membrane-like barrier between right & left lobes) 1.tt. coronary 1.uu. (^) right triangular 1.vv. left triangular 1.ww. round 1.37. Processes all of the blood that passes through digestive system 1.xx. (^) Nutrient-rich blood liver (via hepatic portal vein) leaves liver (via hepatic veins) 1.xii. Hepatic artery supplies oxygen-rich blood 1.38. (^) Functional units: lobules 1.yy. Made up of layers of liver cells 1.39. FUNCTIONS 1.zz. Production of bile, blood plasma proteins, cholesterol 1.aaa. Storage of excess glucose in form of glycogen 1.bbb. Regulation of amino acids 1.ccc. Processing of hemoglobin (to store iron) 1.ddd. (^) Conversion of ammonia (that is poisonous) to urea 1.eee. Purification of blood (clears out drugs/ toxins) 1.fff. Regulation of blood clotting 1.ggg. (^) Control infections by boosting immune factors & removing bacteria 1.xxviii. Small Intestine

Bladder
- Urine is drained from kidneys through ureters to bladder urethra

Muscular

Skeletal
- Voluntary muscles
- Composed of muscle fibers (parallel bundles)
- Striated
- Consists of muscle fibers ■ Contains bundle of myofibrils - Contractile units called sacromeres - Contain 2 protein microfilaments - Thick filament ■ Protein myosin - Thin filament ■ Protein actin ■ when an electrical signal reaches a muscle fiber calcium ions are released
Cardiac
Involuntary muscle
Heart
Striated
Smooth
- Involuntary muscle
- Walls of internal organs ■ Stomach ■ Intestines ■ Blood vessels
- Nonstriated **ALL muscles
Excitability : have electric gradient which can reverse
Contraction : ability to contract (shorten)
Elongate : elongate (relax)

Skeletal
- Bones & cartilage

Axial skeleton

Skull, sternum, ribs, and vertebral column
- Appendicular skeleton
  - Bones of arms, feet, hands, legs, hips, and shoulders
- (^) Functions
  - Movement
  - Mineral storage
  - Support
  - (^) Protection
  - Blood Cell Formation ■ Red blood cells are produced in the marrow
- Classified as…
  - Long
  - Short
  - Flat
  - Irregular
- Connective bone tissue
  - Compact bone ■ Tightly packed cells ■ Strong, dense, and rigid ■ Haversian cells (Haversian system provides reservoir for calcium & phosphorus for the blood) - Surrounded by bone tissue called lamellae - Spaces between is lacunae
  - Spongy bone ■ Trabeculae - Network of girders with open spaces filled with red bone marrow - Lightweight and porous

Reproductive

Vagina ■ Provide birth canal

Body Planes

(^) Transverse = horizontal (superior/inferior)
Sagittal = vertically right & left; parallel to midline
Coronal = frontal; vertically front & back (anterior/ posterior)

Direction

Medial: near midline (EX. Little finger is medial to thumb)
Lateral : away from midline (EX. Thumb is lateral to little finger)
Proximal : center of body (EX. Hip is proximal to knee)
Distal: away from center (EX. Knee is distal to hip)
Anterior: front
Posterior: behind
Cephalad: towards head
Caudad: towards posterior
Superior: above (closer to head)
Inferior: below (closer to feet)

***specific heat of water is 1 calorie/gram ° C = 4.186 joule/gram ° C

Calculating population change (# births/time period) / population size *

Science Study Guide (TEAS), Study Guides, Projects, Research of Life Sciences

Related documents

Partial preview of the text

Download Science Study Guide (TEAS) and more Study Guides, Projects, Research Life Sciences in PDF only on Docsity!

TEAS Test Study Guide: Science

Cell Cycle

Tissues

Organs

Organ Systems

1. Integumentary (Exocrine system)

LAYERS OF THE SKIN

Cardiovascular

• BLOOD VESSELS

• HEART

ANTIGEN & IMMUNE RESPONSE

Body Planes

Direction