Download SFSU BIO 230 FINAL PAPER EXAM 2 2026 FULL QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS GRADED A+ and more Exams Biology in PDF only on Docsity!
SFSU BIO 230 FINAL PAPER EXAM 2 2026 FULL
QUESTIONS AND CORRECT ANSWERS
GRADED A+
◉ Missense Mutation. Answer: Change an amino acid in a protein A point mutation that causes the amino acids to change ◉ Loss-of - function mutation. Answer: - A mutant that prevents the production of the wild type protein or renders it inactive
- Causes a gene to lose some or all of it normal function ◉ Hemoglobin. Answer: - Iron containing protein in red blood cells that reversibly binds oxygen ◉ Adenine. Answer: Is one of the bases that form part of a nucleotides, the structures that are present in DNA chains ◉ Transcript Factors. Answer: Proteins that are involved in the transcription of DNA in RNA (RNA, polymerase, activators, suppressors) ◉ Mad Cow Disease. Answer: Refolding of the prions protein due to ingestion of misfolded cow prion;
◉ Sickle Cell Disease. Answer: Hemoglobin that causes red blood cells to have an abnormal structure due to a genetic mutation ◉ X-Ray Crystallography. Answer: Rosalind Franklin used this to discover DNA's double helix ◉ Model Building. Answer: ◉ Mitochondrion. Answer: Organelles where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated Organelles in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration Releases energy ◉ Chloroplast. Answer: Found in plant cells, it converts light energy to food ◉ Glucose. Answer: - A single sugar used in both plants and animal tissues for energy
- Sometimes know as blood sugar or dextrose ◉ Cellulose. Answer: The main constituent of the cell walls of plants
◉ Identify Confusion. Answer: ◉ Think like a Biologist. Answer: ◉ Polar Bond. Answer: - A covalent bond between atoms in which the electrons are shared unequally ◉ James Watson. Answer: - Partnered with Francis Crick
- Used model building ◉ Surface Area. Answer: ◉ Volume Ration. Answer: ◉ Maurice Wilkins. Answer: - Rosalind Franklin's lab partner
- Used X-Ray crystallography
- Gave info to Watson who shared with crick ◉ Template Strand. Answer: DNA strand that provides the patterns, or template, for ordering the sequence of nucleotides in an RNA transcript
◉ Mutagen. Answer: Substance that cause a change in DNA ◉ Plasmid. Answer: Extra pieces of DNA that can be transferred from one cell to another then become part of the chromosome ◉ Semi-permeable membrane. Answer: - Lets only selected substances through
- Allows small, uncharged, and more hydrophobic things allows O2, oil, water ◉ Thymine. Answer: A compound that is one of the 4 constituent bases of nucleic acids ◉ Concept Map. Answer: ◉ Sugar-Phosphate Backbone. Answer: Structural component of a DNA molecule; direction from 5---> ◉ Telomeres. Answer: An enzyme that adds telomere repeats to chromosome ends ◉ Mystery Box. Answer:
◉ Phospholipid. Answer: Lipids that make up cell membrane, from a phospholipid bilayer, hydrophilic head hydrophobic tail ◉ Mitochondria. Answer: - Organelles in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration
- Release energy ◉ Cell Cycle. Answer: - Cycle starts when a new cell forms
- During cycle, cell increases in mass & duplicates its chromosomes
- Cycle ends up when the new cell divides
- Interphase: G1, S, G
- Mitosis
- Cytokinesis ◉ Central Dogma. Answer: The concept that DNA is transcribed to RNA and RNA is translated to proteins ◉ Lynn Margulis. Answer: Proposes endosymbiotic theory Developed the endosymbiosis theory ◉ Endosymbiosis theory. Answer: Theory that eukaryotic cells evolved from a collection of prokaryotic cell (bacteria)
◉ Stan Pursiner. Answer: Discovered that Mad Cow disease is caused by prions ◉ Rosalind Franklin. Answer: - X-Ray crystallographer to discover the double helical structure of DNA
- Not credited with the Nobel prize ◉ 3" and 5" Anitparallel. Answer: Number of carbon in DNA's sugar backbone give strands a direction (opposite directions) ◉ Erwin Chargaff. Answer: - Didn't work well with others
- Shared his work with Watson and Crick
- Upset he didn't get recognized during the Nobel Prize of the discovery of DNA
- But was recognized through books ◉ Francis Crick. Answer: - Partner with James Watson
- Used model building ◉ Chargaff's Rule. Answer: A-->T C-->G
◉ What is a concrete example of how you've practiced one of these habits of mind so far in your classwork?. Answer: ◉ What are common functions of living things?. Answer: - Reproduction, exchange gases, use energy, excrete waste, move, sense, breathe, grow ◉ Common structure of DNA. Answer: Organs, tissues, cells, organelles, molecules, atoms, electrons ◉ What are common structures?. Answer: Cell, organs, tissues ◉ What is the Cell Theory of living things?. Answer: ◉ Which of the following are considered to be alive and why?. Answer: ◉ proteins? bacteria? yeast? viruses? prions? DNA? candles? chemical reactions? Water?. Answer: ◉ How would you evaluate an unknown specimen to determine if it's living?. Answer:
◉ How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells similar?. Answer: ◉ How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different?. Answer: ◉ What are some examples of prokaryotic organisms? eukaryotic?. Answer: ◉ What is the Endosymbiotic Theory of the origins eukaryotes?What is the evidence for this theory?. Answer: ◉ Who is Lynn Margulis?. Answer: ◉ Where are organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts thought to have come from?. Answer: ◉ If a cell were the size of our lecture hall, how would you explain to a friend how big a water molecule would be? Which is usually bigger: an organelle or a cell?. Answer: ◉ A glucose molecule or an organelle? Which is bigger?. Answer: ◉ A DNA molecule or a carbon atom? Which is bigger?. Answer:
◉ What are prions? Are they considered living? Why or why not?. Answer: ◉ Who is Stanley Prusiner?. Answer: ◉ What was his contribution to understanding prions and Mad Cow Disease?. Answer: ◉ Many other foods also contain gelatin. As a Biologist, what would you need/want to know before you advised a friend that they were safe to eat?. Answer: ◉ What are the four main classes of biological macromolecules and their primary functions?. Answer: ◉ What are examples of each of these four main classes of macromolecules?. Answer: ◉ How would you explain the difference between covalent, ionic, and hydrogen bonds?. Answer: ◉ Could you draw three molecules of water correctly, including the hydrogen bonds between the molecules?. Answer:
◉ What is the relationship between the structure and function of a membrane. How would a catastrophic oil spill, such as the Deepwater Horizon spill, affect the membranes of plankton in the sea?. Answer: ◉ What kinds of molecules can pass most easily through a membrane bilayer? Why?. Answer: ◉ What is DNA made of?. Answer: ◉ What are the key features of the structure of DNA?. Answer: ◉ Where are the phosphates in a DNA molecule? Where are the sugars? Where are the nucleotides?. Answer: ◉ What is the purpose of hydrogen bonds? Are these bonds weak or strong?. Answer: ◉ How did the structure of DNA give scientists insight into its function?. Answer: ◉ How would you explain to a friend the similarities and differences between DNA, genes, chromosomes, and genomes?. Answer:
◉ Who took the key picture of DNA? What technique was used to make this picture? What did the picture suggest about the structure of DNA?. Answer: ◉ What are the similarities and differences in what DNA, RNA, and protein are made of?. Answer: ◉ Where is each of these molecules inside a eukaryotic cell? a bacterial cell?. Answer: ◉ How does DNA code for RNA?. Answer: ◉ How does RNA code for protein?. Answer: ◉ What are codons?. Answer: ◉ What is the function of DNA? RNA? Protein?. Answer: ◉ What do the terms transcription and translation refer to in biology?. Answer: ◉ What is known about the rest of the DNA sequences, sometimes called "non-coding" or "junk" DNA?. Answer:
◉ What are exons?. Answer: ◉ What are introns?. Answer: ◉ What are promoters?. Answer: ◉ What percentage of the human genome is thought to code for protein?. Answer: ◉ What is one way that transcription and translation differ between a prokaryote and a eukaryote?. Answer: ◉ Could you "Be RNA Polymerase" and transcribe a template DNA sequence into an RNA sequence?. Answer: ◉ Could you predict the complementary gene sequence from the template DNA sequence?. Answer: ◉ Could you "Be the Ribosome" and translate an mRNA sequence into an amino acid protein sequence?. Answer:
◉ Nonsense mutations?. Answer: ◉ Sense mutations?. Answer: ◉ Does a substitution mutation always change the amino acid sequence of the protein?. Answer: ◉ How about an insertion mutation?. Answer: ◉ How about a deletion mutation?. Answer: ◉ What are examples of mutagens?. Answer: ◉ What is sickle cell anemia?. Answer: ◉ What change in DNA causes sickle cell anemia to occur?. Answer: ◉ What would happen if a gene had two nucleotides inserted as a mutation?Three nucleotides?. Answer:
◉ Does the place in the DNA sequence where the extra nucleotides are inserted matter? Why?. Answer: ◉ What is the function of the β-globin protein?. Answer: ◉ How would you explain to a friend how protein structure is related to its function?. Answer: ◉ How does the structure of red blood cells differ between healthy people (who are not carriers of sickle cell anemia) and people who have sickle cell anemia?. Answer: ◉ How does this difference in structure affect the function of the red blood cell?. Answer: ◉ Why do the different types of cells in your body look and function so differently?. Answer: ◉ How do enhancers, promoters, and transcription factors work with RNA Polymerase to control transcription?. Answer: ◉ How do external signals act to regulate transcription?. Answer:
