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SFSU BIO 230 EXAM 2 2026 QUESTIONS WITH
SOLUTIONS GRADED A
◉ Prion. Answer: Are misfolded proteins that cause other similar proteins to misfold Not made of cells. Not have DNA RNA. Are not viruses Are causative of Mad cow disease ◉ Non-Coding DNA. Answer: Promoters and introns(parts of process) 98% of genome is noncoding
- DNA that doesn't get coded into a protein ◉ RNA. Answer: Ribonucleic acid; a type of nuclei can acid that carries codes for making proteins from the nucleus to the ribosomes ◉ Gene. Answer: DNA sequence needed to encode a functional protein or RNA ◉ Genome. Answer: The full set of DNA present in an individual organism All the chromosome and protein in the nucleus
◉ Chromosome. Answer: Threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic info in the form of genes Package that holds some DNA and proteins, part of the genome (humans have 46) ◉ Cytosine. Answer: A nitrogen containing pyrimidine base found in nucleic acids,(pairs of guanine) ◉ Dictionary of the Genetic Code. Answer: ◉ Carbohydrates. Answer: Complex structure; many sugar subunits main source of energy ◉ Nucleic Acids. Answer: Make DNA and RNA stores genetic info found in nucleus ◉ Proteins. Answer: Made of amino acids that are folded up, do all the work in the cells ◉ Mutations. Answer: Change in structure of gene
◉ Silent Mutations. Answer: - Change in mRNA base that has no affect on amino acid sequence
- Usually in the third position of codon
- A point mutation that causes a change to 1 nucleotide but doesn't change amino acid ◉ Point Mutation. Answer: - Codes for hemoglobin protein that carries oxygen in the body, mutation affecting a single nucleotide
- 1 nucleotides substituted, added, deleted
- Mutation that causes a single nucleotide change, insertion, or deletion ◉ Lipids. Answer: Long term energy storage, makes up membrane ◉ Substitution Mutations. Answer: Switching one nucleotide for another ◉ Phospholipids. Answer: Form the lipid Bilayer of the cell membrane ◉ Enchancer. Answer: DNA sequence, far from the promoter DNA sequence controls when and where a gene are turned on or off Activators, Repressor
◉ Virus. Answer: Collection of molecules not made of cells ◉ Prokaryote. Answer: - Bacteria
- No membrane-bounded nucleus
- Usually smaller
- Usually single cell
- No membrane-bound organelles
- Think of as a simple bag
- An organism lacking a true nucleus ◉ Eukaryote. Answer: - You, plants,yeast,amoeba,fungi,protists
- Has membrane-bound nucleus
- Usually bigger
- Often multi-cellular
- Has membrane bound organelles
- Think of as a bigger bag with smaller bags
- Organisms whose cell contain a true nucleus ◉ Cell Membrane. Answer: Protective barriers between interior of cell and extra cellular fluid
- Regulates what enters and exits the cell
- Hydrophilic: water loving; faces of the water.
- Addition of oil cause lipid Bilayer to break ◉ Amino Acid. Answer: Organic molecules having an amino group and an acid group, which covalently bonds to produce peptide molecules, subunits of proteins ◉ Plankton. Answer: - Microscopic organisms that float and drift in the ocean waters
- Some are unicellular, some are multicellular
- Provide a crucial source of food to many large aquatic organisms, such as fish whales ◉ Deepwater Horizon. Answer: - 2010 oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico
- Took three months to stop
- Caused damage to the environment and animal lif ◉ Promoter. Answer: Non-coding DNA sequences DNA sequence located before transcription starts In the middle of DNA sequence
◉ Template Strand. Answer: The sequence of DNA that is copied during transcription ◉ Double Helix. Answer: - Form of native DNA
- Two antiparallel polynucleotide stands wounded around like spiral ◉ Exon. Answer: In RNA processing, the coding sequence that remains in the final mRNA ◉ Relative sizes (largest to smallest). Answer: Cell, membrane- bounded organelles, collection of molecules, big molecules small molecules ◉ mRNA. Answer: Carries instructions for a protein from the DNA to the ribosomes ◉ Intron. Answer: A non-coding section of DNA ◉ Pre-mRNA. Answer: RNA transcript produced initially during transcription in eukaryotes ◉ Monosaccharide. Answer: A single sugar building block of carbs
◉ Sickle Cell Disease. Answer: Hemoglobin that causes red blood cells to have an abnormal structure due to a genetic mutation ◉ X-Ray Crystallography. Answer: Rosalind Franklin used this to discover DNA's double helix ◉ Model Building. Answer: ◉ Mitochondrion. Answer: Organelles where cellular respiration occurs and most ATP is generated Organelles in eukaryotic cells that serves as the site of cellular respiration Releases energy ◉ Chloroplast. Answer: Found in plant cells, it converts light energy to food ◉ Glucose. Answer: - A single sugar used in both plants and animal tissues for energy
- Sometimes know as blood sugar or dextrose ◉ Cellulose. Answer: The main constituent of the cell walls of plants
◉ Trait. Answer: - Expression of a gene ◉ Allele. Answer: Different versions of the same gene (EX: blue eyes from dad, brown eyes from mom) ◉ Polypeptide. Answer: - A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
- changes of amino acid linked by covalent bonds, proteins are made up of one or more polypeptide chains ◉ Frameshift Mutation. Answer: Genetic mutation caused by a change in the number of nucleotides in DNA, making it not divisible by 3 (insertions and deletions) ◉ U-ABC-IT. Answer: Use evidence, ask questions, be skeptical, cultivate wonder, identify confusion, think like a biologist ◉ Ask Questions. Answer: ◉ Be Skeptical. Answer: ◉ Cultivate Wonder. Answer:
◉ Mutagen. Answer: Substance that cause a change in DNA ◉ Plasmid. Answer: Extra pieces of DNA that can be transferred from one cell to another then become part of the chromosome ◉ Semi-permeable membrane. Answer: - Lets only selected substances through
- Allows small, uncharged, and more hydrophobic things allows O2, oil, water ◉ Thymine. Answer: A compound that is one of the 4 constituent bases of nucleic acids ◉ Concept Map. Answer: ◉ Sugar-Phosphate Backbone. Answer: Structural component of a DNA molecule; direction from 5---> ◉ Telomeres. Answer: An enzyme that adds telomere repeats to chromosome ends ◉ Mystery Box. Answer:
◉ Red Blood Celll. Answer: - Formed in red marrow of bones
- Transports oxygen to cells in all parts of the body ◉ Lipids Bilayer. Answer: - Flexible double layered sheet
- Makes up the cell membrane
- Forms a barriers between the cell and its surroundings ◉ Hydrophobic. Answer: - Repels water
- Non-polar compounds ◉ Diffusion. Answer: Movement of molecules from high to low concentration ◉ β-globin. Answer: A Polypeptide chains that contains the defect and is responsible for Sickle cell anemia 1/2 polypeptide in hemoglobin ◉ Nucleus. Answer: Chromosome containing organelles of a eukaryotic cell ◉ Nonpolar Bond. Answer: Electrons shared equally between atoms of similar electronegativity
◉ Stan Pursiner. Answer: Discovered that Mad Cow disease is caused by prions ◉ Rosalind Franklin. Answer: - X-Ray crystallographer to discover the double helical structure of DNA
- Not credited with the Nobel prize ◉ 3" and 5" Anitparallel. Answer: Number of carbon in DNA's sugar backbone give strands a direction (opposite directions) ◉ Erwin Chargaff. Answer: - Didn't work well with others
- Shared his work with Watson and Crick
- Upset he didn't get recognized during the Nobel Prize of the discovery of DNA
- But was recognized through books ◉ Francis Crick. Answer: - Partner with James Watson
- Used model building ◉ Chargaff's Rule. Answer: A-->T C-->G ◉ Monomer. Answer: Molecules that can bond with other molecules
Small chemical units that makes up a polymer ◉ Polymer. Answer: Long chain of smaller molecules ◉ Uracil. Answer: RNA uses in stead of thymine ◉ Gain of Function Mutation. Answer: Gains a new or abnormal function ◉ Hydrophilic. Answer: - Attracted to water
- Polar or ionic compounds ◉ Guanine. Answer: - A purine (nitrogenous base) component
- Nucleic acid
- Links with cytosine in DNA ◉ How does the Mystery box represent the process of Science. Answer: ◉ What are the six habits of mind that guide our work in class (U- ABC IT). Answer:
◉ How are prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells different?. Answer: ◉ What are some examples of prokaryotic organisms? eukaryotic?. Answer: ◉ What is the Endosymbiotic Theory of the origins eukaryotes?What is the evidence for this theory?. Answer: ◉ Who is Lynn Margulis?. Answer: ◉ Where are organelles like mitochondria and chloroplasts thought to have come from?. Answer: ◉ If a cell were the size of our lecture hall, how would you explain to a friend how big a water molecule would be? Which is usually bigger: an organelle or a cell?. Answer: ◉ A glucose molecule or an organelle? Which is bigger?. Answer: ◉ A DNA molecule or a carbon atom? Which is bigger?. Answer: ◉ Which is bigger? A virus or a cell?. Answer:
◉ Which is bigger? A prion or an organelle?. Answer: ◉ If you were given several of the strips from the size and scale exercise could you put them in order from smallest to largest?. Answer: ◉ How would you draw the relative sizes of a skin cell, a bacterium and a virus?. Answer: ◉ What limits the size of a cell?. Answer: - The membrane
- It's surface area to volume ratio
- Large cell but very thin and skinny, able to slip through membrane ◉ How is the structure of a cell related to its function?. Answer: ◉ What special feature allows intestinal cells to be particularly good at absorbing materials from the gut?. Answer: ◉ How would you respond to someone who told you not to eat Altoids because they cause mad cow disease?. Answer:
