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Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research, Vol. 4, No. 4, November 2016
P-ISSN 2350-7756 | E-ISSN 2350-8442 | www.apjmr.com
Assessment of Solid Waste Management
Strategies in Camarines Norte, Philippines
Maria Cristina C. Azuelo, (PhD.)^1 , Leah N. Barbado (MAEd, MAS)^2 , Luz Menda L. Reyes (MAEd)^3 (^1) College of Business and Public Administration, 2,3College of Arts and Sciences, Camarines Norte State College, Philippines (^1) [email protected] , 2 [email protected] , (^3) [email protected]
Date Received: July 8, 2016; Date Revised: September 5, 2016
Asia Pacific Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Vol. 4 No.4, 44 - 53 November 2016 P-ISSN 2350- 7756 E-ISSN 2350- 8442 www.apjmr.com
Abstract - The Ecological Solid Waste Management Act of 2000 or RA 9003 mandates the local government units to take initiatives in managing their daunting problems on ecological solid waste disposal. Consequently, compliance of Camarines Norte, Philippines on this mandate needs assessment to determine the existing solid waste management (SWM) strategies, the effectiveness and the possibility of adoption in each municipality. This study utilized the descriptive method using questionnaire as the main tool supplemented by interview. Results showed that the existing SWM strategies with the highest percentages of existence in the twelve (12) municipalities were provision of number of trucks in transporting solid wastes and knowledge on waste segregation conducted at every household/establishment. Varying levels were observed. However, high level of effectiveness is still required for significant impact, seeing that from the six areas assessed only four municipalities were identified to have more and highly effective SWM strategies. Generally, only availability of technology for composting was considered more effective and can be adopted in all municipalities. Better solid waste management may be fully attained through the involvement, political will and commitment of the implementers in the implementation of politically passed resolutions and undertaking of their initiatives that will stimulate active participation of the community. All these measures may bring change in health and environment in the province.
Keywords: assessment, solid waste management, strategies, effectiveness
INTRODUCTION The condition of the Philippine environment has reached critical proportions in relation to solid waste management that needs immediate and collective action from all sectors of the government. The enactment of RA 9003, otherwise known as the Ecological Solid Waste Management (ESWM) Act of 2000, provides for an Ecological Solid Waste Management Program creating the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefore and for other purposes [1]. This mandates each city or municipality to create a Municipal SWM Board to prepare, submit and implement a plan for the safe and sanitary management of solid waste generated in areas under its geographic and political coverage. The major
responsibilities rest on the LGUs as the lead implementers in the full implementation of the Act. As defined, waste management is the collection, transport, processing, recycling or disposal of waste materials. The term usually relates to materials produced by human activity, and is generally undertaken to reduce their effect on health, aesthetics or amenity. Waste management is also carried out to reduce the materials' effect on the environment and to recover resources from them. It can also involve solid, liquid or gaseous substances, with different methods and fields of expertise for each [2]-[3]. Since the signing of RA 9003 in January 2001, significant accomplishments have to be seen from the LGUs relative to their solid waste management (SWM) strategies. However, compliance of the local government units in Camarines Norte to the mandates of the law is still undisclosed unlike in other parts of
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the province where several activities and strategies have been implemented and earned awards and recognitions. In 2010, the local government of unit of Magarao in Camarines Sur had proven remarkable initiatives in solid waste management. Through the environmental efforts made by their people, they were adjudged as the Lone National Winner of the Zero Basura Olympics sponsored by the National Solid Waste Management Commission (NSWMC). Changes in the lives of the people could be seen in this municipality since aside from reduction in the quantity of generated wastes, they also obtained income out of this [4]. In the study regarding the implementation of the Legaspi Ecological Solid Waste Management System (ESWMS) in the pilot barangays of Gogon, Sabang and Dapdap in Legaspi City, information education campaign (IEC) and collection and transport were highly implemented while the rest were moderately implemented, except recovery and marketing of recyclable materials. It also revealed that inadequacies in logistics could be aggravated by the persistence of wrong habits [5]. Another study was conducted in Legaspi City on the six (6) major functional elements of Solid Waste Management (SWM) namely: waste generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing and recovery, and disposal of the SWM which revealed that these have not been implemented despite the support of Local Government Units and the private sectors [6]. Further, a research on the SWM practices of households in Manila was conducted which disclosed that SWM practices of households are not fully implemented [7]. On that note, no study yet has been conducted similar to the covered six areas of concern about SWM strategies in RA 9003. Hence, a critical look into the implementation of SWM strategies in the 12 municipalities of Camarines Norte is imperative to assess how effective the strategies are and to identify what strategies are for adoption in all municipalities. Further, through this study, the municipalities will identify their bottlenecks in undertaking environmental management activities and in ensuring the disposal of functions mandated by Law.
OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY The general objective of this study was to assess the Solid Waste Management Strategies in the municipalities of Camarines Norte. Specifically it aimed to determine the existing solid waste
management strategies in the twelve (12) municipalities of Camarines Norte, determine the solid waste management strategies that are effective in each municipality in terms of: a) waste segregation; b) reuse and recycling of marketable materials; c) collection & transport; e) composting of organic waste; f) information education and communication campaign; and g) policies and identify effective strategies that can be adopted in all municipalities.
MATERIALS AND METHODS The descriptive method using survey questionnaire designed to assess the solid waste management strategies in the twelve municipalities of Camarines Norte was utilized as the main tool in data gathering. The questionnaire was translated to Tagalog as suggested during the dry run to twenty (20) respondents. It made use of the Likert’s Scale Type with the following guides: 5- Highly Effective (HE), 4- More Effective (E), 3- Effective (ME), 2- Less Effective (LE), and 1-Not Effective (NE). Interview was also conducted to supplement the data gathered. Percentage and rank were obtained for each strategy in the first objective and the existing solid waste management strategies were determined through selection of the strategies with the highest common ranks. Median was used in the second objective to determine the effective strategies in each municipality where the researchers considered the highly and more effective strategies as assessed by the local and barangay officials and their households. In the third objective, the strategies that can be adopted in the twelve municipalities were obtained from the results of the data gathered in the number two objective wherein the median of each of the solid waste management strategy was computed and the existing effective strategies with the highest median was identified. The respondents were the 60 LGU and 235 barangay officials with direct involvement on the subject of the study and the 394 households which were categorized as head of the family. The identified barangay officials and households came from the list of urban barangays of the twelve municipalities obtained from the Provincial Planning and Development Office (PPDO) of Camarines Norte. The researchers set a quota of five respondents in each municipality and urban barangay while respondents
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Table 2. Median Measure of the Existing Effective Strategies on Waste Segregation A. Waste Segregation D JP M L T B C P SLR SV SE V
- Segregate solid wastes at the source
- Presence of properly designed wastes bins/receptacles at strategic places in the municipality
- Availability of containers/receptacles for each type of waste to biodegradable, recyclable, non recyclable of household wastes
- Sponsorship of contest or reward system for Barangays following the proper waste segregation program
3 3 3 3 3 4 3 2.25 3 3 3 3
4 3 3 3 2 4 3 2 4 3 3 2
3 3 2 3 2 3 5 2.5 3 3 3 3 3 3 2.5 3 4 4 3 4 3 3.5 5 Median 3 3 2.75 3 2 4 3.5 2.38 3.5 3 3 3 Legend: D- Daet; JP – Jose Panganiban; M – Mercedes; SV- San Vicente; L – Labo; T – Talisay; C- Capalonga; SLR- San Lorenzo Ruiz; P-Paracale; SE- Sta. Elena; V- Vinzons; B – Basud
In the conduct of waste segregation, Table 2 shows that Basud (4) had the more effective strategy in segregating solid wastes along waste segregation. Daet (4), Basud (4) and San Lorenzo Ruiz (4) were more effective on the strategy for placement of waste bins at strategic places of the respective municipalities. Capalonga (5) was highly effective in their strategy of having available containers for each type of waste to biodegradable, recyclable, non- recyclable of household wastes while Basud (4), Capalonga (4), San Lorenzo Ruiz (4) and Sta. Elena (3.5) were more effective in sponsoring contest or reward system for barangays following the proper waste segregation program. Among the twelve municipalities, Basud (4), Capaloga (3.5) and San Lorenzo Ruiz (3.5) were more effective in waste segregation. The local government and barangay officials and households of the mentioned municipalities had the same responses on the effectiveness of the existing strategies. Varying readiness in each municipality, barangay officials and households in the implementation of waste segregation strategies can be attributed to the performance and political will of the local officials. Without the support of the local officials, programs such as Ecological Solid Waste Management Act will not go any further than the existing method of mixed collection and open dumping of wastes [9]. As noted, Basud, Capalonga and San Lorenzo Ruiz have the more effective strategies in waste segregation but there are municipalities that are more and highly effective on a particular waste segregation strategy like Capalonga which is highly effective in availability of containers for biodegradable and recyclable and non-recyclable wastes of household wastes. This municipality has uniformed plastic
containers distributed in strategic places within Poblacion area. Vinzons, Basud, Capalonga, San Lorenzo Ruiz and Sta. Elena are also very active in giving rewards and sponsoring contest to motivate and acclimatize their constituents in practicing waste segregation. Tables 3 shows the strategy on reuse and recycling of marketable materials where the municipalities of Capalonga, Basud and San Vicente were highly and more effective on the strategy relative to establishment of material recovery facility as indicated by the medians of 5, 4 and 3.5, respectively. Basud was more effective or obtained a median of 4 in the conduct of seminars on livelihood skills trainings in barangays and a median of 4.25 on recycling projects. The medians of Capalonga (5), Daet (4), Mercedes (4), Basud (4) were highly and more effective in identifying potential markets for recyclable goods. For demonstration and promotion of recycling methods to the constituents, Basud (4) and San Lorenzo Ruiz (3.5) were regarded as more effective. From the twelve municipalities, Basud (4) was more effective in terms of reuse and recycling of marketable materials. This municipality, as far as all strategies are concerned, was given a more effective feedback by the respondents. Based on the interview conducted to the residents and local officials, some people in the barangays are recycling the plastic wastes into baskets, and Christmas flower decors. Basud has a material recovery facility where the waste generated in all the barangays are being transferred to segregate and recycle the collected biodegradable and non- biodegradable wastes such as plastics, dried leaves and others.
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Table 3. Median Measure of the Existing Effective Strategies on Reuse and Recycling of Marketable Materials B. Reuse and Recycling of Marketable Materials
D JP M L T B C P SLR SV SE V
- Establishment of Material Recovery Facility (MRF)
- Conduct of seminars on livelihood skills trainings in barangays
- Existence of recycling project
- Identification of potential markets for recyclable goods
- Demonstration and promotion of recycling methods to the constituents
3 3 3 3 4 5 2 3 3.5 2.5 2
3 2 2 3 2 4 2.5 1.5 3 2 2 1
3 3 3 3 4.25 2 3 3 2 2.5 3 4 2.5 4 3 1 4 5 2 3 3 3 3
3 2 3 1 4 2.5 2 3.5 2.5 3 3 Median 3 2.5 3 3 1 4 2.5 2 3 2.5 2.5 3 Legend: D- Daet; JP – Jose Panganiban; M – Mercedes; SV- San Vicente; L – Labo; T – Talisay; C- Capalonga; SLR- San Lorenzo Ruiz; P- Paracale; SE- Sta. Elena; V- Vinzons; B – Basud
Table 4. Median Measure of the Existing Effective Strategies on Collection and Transport C. Collection and Transport D JP M L T B C P SLR SV SE V 1.Availability and provision of properly designed containers or receptacles in selected collection points for the temporary storage of solid wastes while waiting collection and transfer to processing sites or to final disposal sites
- Regular collection and scheduling of properly segregated wastes for transport and final disposal of non-recyclable materials at the municipal level
- Materials for recycling are collected separately from general to sorted directly from mixed waste
- Provision of number of trucks in transporting solid wastes
- Provision of properly trained officers to handle solid wastes disposal
- Availability of separate individual compartments for each type of wastes in the municipal dump truck
- Ensure precautionary and sanitary measures in the collection and transport of solid waste
3 3 3 3 2.5 4 2.5 3 3.5 3 3 3
3 3 3 3 2 3.5 3 3 2.5 3 3.5 3
3 2 3 3 4 3.2 5 4 3 3
3 3 3 3 1.5 4 3 3 4 4 3 3
3 3 3 3 3 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 2.5 3.5 4 3.5 3 2 1.5 2
3 3 3 2 2 4 3 3 3.5 3 3 3
Median 3 3 3 3 2.25 4 3 3 3.25 3 3 3
Legend: D- Daet; JP – Jose Panganiban; M – Mercedes; SV- San Vicente; L – Labo; T – Talisay; C- Capalonga; SLR- San Lorenzo Ruiz; P- Paracale; SE- Sta. Elena; V- Vinzons; B – Basud
Along collection and transport, Table 4 shows that Basud (4) and San Lorenzo Ruiz (3.5) were rated as more effective on the strategy regarding availability and provision of properly designed containers or receptacles in selected collection points for the temporary storage of solid wastes while waiting collection and transfer to processing sites or to final disposal sites. Basud (3.5) and Sta. Elena (3.5) were more effective on regular collection and scheduling of
properly segregated wastes for transport and final disposal of non-recyclable materials at the municipal level. The same rating was given to Basud (4) and San Vicente (4) under materials for recycling are collected separately from general to sort directly from mixed waste. Similar rating of effective were given to Basud (4), San Lorenzo (4) and San Vicente (4) on provision of number of trucks in transporting solid wastes and on the strategy pertaining to provision of properly
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Other municipalities were more effective in particular strategies like Mercedes which is conducting trainings in every barangay to educate their residents and also investing on the procurement of technology for composting such as shredding machine. Sta. Elena, Daet and Labo also have shredding machine to convert the waste generated into organic fertilizer. Table 6 reveals the strategies along information, education and communication campaign where San Vicente (5) and Basud (4) were highly and more effective on the provision of knowledge on waste segregation conducted at every households/establishments, respectively. The same rating was noted for Basud (4) and San Lorenzo Ruiz (4) on education and public information dissemination on importance of waste segregation, recycling, re-use through forums, public announcements and assemblies. In Labo (4), Basud (4) and San Lorenzo Ruiz (4), the strategies pertaining to involvement of the school in the solid waste management advocacy of the municipal government were more effective while posting of signboard/billboards relative to RA 9003 were more effective in Basud (4) and San Vicente (4). For conduct of seminars to every barangay re: SWM practices, Mercedes (4), Basud (4), Paracale (3.5), San
Lorenzo Ruiz (4) and Vinzons (4) were more effective while provision of success stories to the public encouraging them on recycling business thereby reducing waste and distribution of educational materials for local adaptation were more effective in the municipalities of Daet (4) and Basud (4). Overall, the information, education and communication campaign strategies of Basud were more effective. The municipality through their MENRO is disseminating information regarding classification of solid wastes and providing success stories on recycling for business during PTA meeting in elementary schools and also during regular sessions and barangay assembly. They involve the schools in different contests such as slogan and painting contests. They also distribute educational materials and educate the residents in every purok regarding proper waste management. Through this, a positive transformation in the attitudes and perceptions of the people towards proper solid waste management is possible through information dissemination not only about the hazards and risks of improper waste disposal but at the same time the sharing of knowledge about the advantages and benefits of applying proper waste segregation and disposal methods [10].
Table 6. Median Measure of the Existing Effective Strategies on Information, Education and Communication Campaign E. Information Education, Communication Campaign D JP M L T B C P SLR SV SE V 1.Provision of knowledge on waste segregation conducted at every household/establishments
- Education and public information dissemination on importance of waste segregation, recycling, re-use through forums, public announcement and assemblies
- Involvement of the school in the solid waste management advocacy of the municipal government
- Posting of signboard/ billboards relative to RA 9003
- Conduct of seminars to every barangay re: SWM practices
- Provision of success stories to the public encouraging them on recycling business thereby reducing waste
- Distribution of educational materials for local adaptation
3 3 3 3 2 4 2 2.5 3 5 3 3
3 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 4 3 3 3
3 3 3 4 3 4 3 3 4 3 3 3
3 2 3 3.5 4 2 3 3 4 2 3
3 2 4 3 3 4 2 3.5 4 3 3 4
4 2.5 2.5 2 3 4 2 2 3 2.5 2 3
4 2 3 3 2 4 3 2 3 2 2 3
Median 3 2.5 3 3 2.5 4 2 3 3 3 3 3 Legend: D- Daet; JP – Jose Panganiban; M – Mercedes; SV- San Vicente; L – Labo; T – Talisay; C- Capalonga; SLR- San Lorenzo Ruiz; P-Paracale; SE- Sta. Elena; V- Vinzons; B – Basud
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Table 7. Median Measure of the Existing Effective Strategies on Policies
F. Policies D JP M L T B C P SLR SV SE V
- Existence of a solid waste management plan
4.5 3 3 5 2 4 2 3 4 3 3 3
2.Adoption of ecological solid waste management program, promulgating rules and regulation on waste minimization, segregation, packing and disposal, declaring certain prohibited acts and providing penalties
3 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 4 3 3 2
- Prohibition of throwing all kinds of dirt in creek and its tributaries and also roads or streets whether National or provincial or municipal within the jurisdiction of the municipality and providing penalties
3 2.5 4 2 2 4 1 1.75 3 3 3 2
4.Monitoring of SWM strategies of the Barangay
4 3 3 2 1 4 3 2 2 3.75 3 3
- Prohibition of making of pits and/or other dug holes at the river bank
3 3 3 2. 5 2 4 3 3 3 3 3 3
6.Creation of municipal solid waste management board
4 3 3 3 2.5 4 2 3 3 3 3 3
- Adoption of a specific revenue generating measure to promote the viability of its solid waste management plan
4 2 3 3 2 4 4 3 3 3 2 3
Median 4 3 3 3 2 4 3 3 3 3 3 3
Mercedes, San Lorenzo Ruiz and Vinzons were rated more effective on the conduct of seminars to every barangay regarding solid waste management, the conduct of seminars are usually being done through the assistance and participation of DILG, DENR and DepEd. They disseminate information on solid waste management to the local and barangay officials, conduct film showing and caravan during barangay evaluation. They also post billboards on proper waste management. Further, the municipality of Daet was regarded as more effective in the distribution of local materials and provision of success stories to the residents and the community through the information and knowledge they gathered from study tours they conducted. Along policies on solid waste management, Table 7 shows that Labo (5), Daet (4.5), Basud (4) and San Lorenzo Ruiz (4) were highly and more effective on the strategy regarding existence of solid waste management plan. Basud (4) and San Lorenzo Ruiz (4) were more effective on adoption of ecological solid waste management program, promulgating rules and regulation on waste minimization, segregation, packing and disposal, declaring certain prohibited acts and providing penalties. Mercedes (4) and Basud (4) were more effective on prohibition of throwing all
kinds of dirt in creek and its tributaries and also roads or streets whether National or provincial or municipal within the jurisdiction of the municipality and providing penalties. Daet (4) and Basud (4) were more effective on monitoring of SWM strategies of the barangay. Basud (4) were more effective on prohibition of making pits and/or other dug holes at the river bank. For creation of municipal solid waste management board, Daet (4) and Basud (4) were more effective while in adoption of specific revenue generating measures to promote the viability of its solid waste management plan were more effective in Daet (4), Basud (4) and Capalonga (4). Overall, Basud and Daet were more effective in terms of policies. The data revealed that the ratings given by the respondents in their evaluation are manifestations of the initiatives and strategies of these municipalities in the implementation of policies pertaining to solid waste management. These municipalities have solid waste management plans which could be their basis in identification of the strategies, initiatives and activities to be undertaken in relation to solid waste management. The said plans of these municipalities are not yet approved by the DENR since they are still on the process of complying on the needed requirements as indicated in RA 9003,
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Salient Features and Initiatives, Published by Ecosystems Research and Development Service V. [5] Pasano, Jerry H. (2005). Ecological Solid Waste Management System in the Pilot Barangays of Legaspi City, Bicol University. [6] Bala, Edwin A. and Bala, Judy P. (2000). Solid Waste Management in Legaspi City, MA Thesis, Aquinas University of Legaspi City. [7] EC, Bernardo (2008). Solid Waste Management Practices of Households in Manila, Philippines. Retrieved on December, 2008 from http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed?linkname=pub med_pubmed&from_uid=18991942. [8] Ocenar, Remigio (2001). Policy and Planning Responses to Solid Waste Management (SWM) Problems in Two Municipalities in the Philippines: A Case Study, Ph.D. Thesis. School of Urban and Regional Planning, University of the Philippines, Diliman, Quezon City, Philippines. [9] Sapuay, Grace (2005). Ecological Waste Management Act of 2000 (RA9003): A Major Step
to Better Solid Waste Management in the Philippines. [10] Atienza, Vella (2008). Breakthroughs in Solid Waste Management: Lessons from Selected Municipality and Barangay in the Philippines, Asian Review of Public Administration, XX (1-2):8298 (January- December).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT Grateful acknowledgement is hereby extended to CHED-UPLB ZRC, CHED-BU ZRC, CNSC and everyone who extended their invaluable support.
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