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STEM Cells Biology Summary for grade 10
Typology: Schemes and Mind Maps
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M. E. O
Difinitions
Potency: is a cell’s ability to differentiate into other type of cells. The more cell types a cell
can differentiate into, the greater its potency
Pluri: means very many.
Toti: means Total.
Embryonic: It is the early stage in the development of humans and other animals or plants.
An “embryo” is a person or animal which is still growing in the Womb or Egg.
e.g: Embryonic Stem cells
Blastocyst: By the fifth or sixth day, The zygote or the fertilized egg is known as “Blastocyst”
Placenta: It is an organ that develops in the uterus during pregnancy, this
structure provides Oxygen (O2) and Nutrients to the growing baby.
Trophoblasts: It is the outer layer of a blastocyst
Leukemia: a broad term for cancers of the blood cells
Womb: It is an organ in the lower body of female and is function is to
nourish the baby to birth
Vitro: It describes medical procedures, tests, and experiments that researchers do outside
a living organism
Morula: the final stage prior to formation of a fluid filled cavity called “Blastocoel cavity”
and it contains from 32 : 16 cells
Hematopoietic: It is an immature cell that can develop into all types of cells (RBCs, WBCs,
Platelets
Pluripotent Stem cells Pluri: a latin word comes from “Plurimus” means Very Many
Egg + Sperm = Zygote (Totipotent)
The Totipotent stem cells have the ability to: -
The totipotent and pluripotent stem cells are found in the embryo and called (Embryonic Stem Cells)
Multipotent Stem cells
White blood cells Red blood cells
In the last example, it is noticed that a blood stem cells (multipotent) can give rise to many cells but all of them are Blood Cells Lineage
In the bone marrow there is a type of stem cells called Hematopoietic stem cells (Blood making stem cells) These stem cells are (Multipotent); BECAUSE they can give rise to many cells but in the same family
-To summary:Totipotent then pluripotent then multipotent then oligopotent then unipotent ( potency decreases from totipotent till unipotent)
STEM Cells
somatic embryonic
replacing tisuues of body
used in building our baby from one cell to many types of cells
STEM CELLS responsible for specialization
To be stem cell you must have Divide renewally but one must .still be STEM cell
High capacity to differentiate
unipotent multipotent pluripotent totipotent
New researches treatment for diabetes
One research target for adult stem cells therapist is diabetes type (1). But embryonic stem cells can achieve more effective results.
Another research target is treating neurological diseases like Parkinson’s disease as person lose the ability to move properly by cause nerve cells in the brain make the chemical dopamine.
Other treatments of diabetes using stem cells:- Treatments of
type 1 diabetes : They used to replace the damaged beta cells in the pancreas and REPRODUCE THE insulin Progenitor cells: monotopic stem cells used to give a rise for pancreatic stem cells
Type 2 diabetes: It the use of stem cells that replace the cells responsible for making abnormally fats
TREATMENT OF DIABETES
One research target for adult stem cell therapy is diabetes (type 1), but embryonic stem cells can achieve more effective results.
-Another research target is treating neurological diseases, like Parkinson’s disease as person loses the ability to move properly be cause nerve cells in the brain make the chemical dopamine.
So HOW Can we treat diabetes with stem cells? -Alternatively, stem cells can be lab-grown and induced into becoming insulinproducing cells. These cells could then directly replenish depleted cells in a patient's body. With these methods, Type 1 diabetes could be successfully managed without the need for the limited supply of donor cells Can stem cell help Diabetes? Researchers are now turning to stem cells as a means of achieving a high number of new b-cells without the negative effects of a transplant. After being introduced into a patient, the stem cells migrate to the damaged tissue, differentiate into new b-cells, and continue to maintain a healthy level of b-cells in the body. Alternatively, stem cells can be lab-grown and induced into becoming insulin-producing cells. These cells could then directly replenish depleted cells in a patient's body. With these methods, Type 1 diabetes could be successfullymanaged without the need for the limited supply of donor cells.
STEM CELLS DEBATE Stem cells is important science which can help us a lot for finding cure for diseases stem cells doesn’t have any specific function or shape stem also have the potential to be any other kind of cells in your body that’s why we are trying to solve diabetes and recover damaged beta ells using stem cells.
Stem cells researchers are working hard to find a new way to create new tissues and replace the damaged tissue in organ to cure that organ from injury or disease using stem cells.
For example : scientists are currently using stem cells to treat blood DISEASES such as leukemia And leukemia is a form of cancer which affects bone marrow
another method being researched for creating embryonic stem cell nucleus from the person to be treated, this produces an embryonic stem cell with the same genetic makeup as the recipient lowering the chance of an immune reaction to the stem cells, however, the same ethical considerations apply
Embryo cells are also generated by in vitro fertilization forming blastocyst after dividing consequently
supply cells for the repair of damaged or diseased organs: for example, insulin producing pancreatic cells for people with type 1 diabetes or certain kinds of brain cells for people with Parkinson ’ s disease or Huntington ’ s disease. Adult stem cells from bone marrow have long been used as a source of immune system cells in patients whose own immune systems are nonfunctional because of genetic disorders or radiation treatments for cancer. The developmental potential of adult stem cells is limited to certain tissues. ES cells hold more promise than adult stem cells for most medical applications because ES cells are pluripotent, capable of differentiating into many different cell types.
What are the challenges? -Immediately before new HSCs are transplanted, a patient’s immune system is completely destroyed by chemotherapy. An ongoing challenge is reducing the vulnerability (ﺣﺴﺎﺳﯿﺔ)of patients to infection while transplanted HSCs rebuild the patient’s immune system.
-Immune system incompatibilities (ﻋﺪم اﻟﺘﻮﻓﻖ )between a patient’s body and transplanted HSCs from a donor cause many complications.
Even when a donor and patient tissue types are matched, incompatibilities can occur and lead to transplant rejections or graft�versus-host disease,which can be fatal in extreme cases
-2Umbilical cord blood STEM cells therapy:- -Umbilical(ي( ُcord stem cells: It is a rich source of hematopoietic stem cells, which are precursors to blood cells, used to treat leukemia. Cord blood has been used to treat children with certain blood diseases since 1989 and research on using it to treat adults is making progress.
-Cord blood is contained in the umbilical cord and placenta of a newborn child. It can be easily collected and frozen for later use
-Cord blood contains blood (hematopoietic) stem cells, which can produce all the other cells found in blood, including cells of the immune system.
-Transplants of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) from cord blood can be used to treat several different blood diseases, such as leukemia.
-Compared to HSCs from bone marrow donors, transplants of HSCs from cord blood appear to lead to fewer immune system incompatibilities, such as graft-versus-host disease.
-Some Research: A limitation of cord blood is that it contains fewer HSCs than a bone marrow donation does, meaning adult patients often require two volumes of cord blood for treatments. Researchers are studying ways to expand the number of HSCs from cord blood in labs so that a single cord blood donation could supply enough cells for one or more HSC transplants.
Some controversial studies suggest that cord blood can help treat diseases other than blood diseases, but often these results cannot be reproduced. Researchers are actively investigating if cord blood might be used to treat various other diseases.
-What are the challenges? A large challenge facing many areas of medical research and treatments is correcting misinformation. Some companies advertise services to parents suggesting they should pay to freeze their child’s cord blood in a blood bank in case it’s needed later in life. Studies show it is highly unlikely that cord blood will ever be used for their child. However, clinicians strongly support donating cord blood to public blood banks. This greatly helps increase the supply of cord blood to people who need it.
-3Bone marrow transplant:- -What is Bone marrow? Bone marrow is the soft, fatty tissue inside your bones. The bone marrow produces blood cells. Stem cells are immature cells in the bone marrow that give rise to all of your different blood cells. -A bone marrow transplant is a procedure to replace damaged or destroyed bone marrow with healthy bone marrow stem cells. -In which the bone marrow of a healthy donor is injected into the bone marrow of a patient (leukemia). But first, the unhealthy cells are killed by chemotherapy and radiation, then receive the healthy bone marrow.The risk of this process is that the immune system of the patient may attack the donor cells.
-Description:- Before the transplant, chemotherapy, radiation, or both may be given. This may be done in 2 ways: -1Ablative (myeloablative)(لا ا ع (treatment: High-dose chemotherapy, radiation, or both are given to kill any cancer cells. This lso kills all healthy bone marrow that remains and allows new stem cells to grow in the bone marrow.
-2Reduced intensity treatment also called a mini transplant: People receive lower doses of chemotherapy and radiation before a transplant. This allows older people, and those with other health problems to have a transplant.
Types:- There are 3 kinds of bone marrow transplants: -1Autologous bone marrow transplant: The term auto means self. Stem cells are removed from you before you receive high-dose chemotherapy or radiation treatment. The stem cells are stored in a freezer. After high�dose chemotherapy or radiation treatments, your stem cells are put back into your body to make normal blood cells. This is called a rescue
transplant. -2Allogeneic bone marrow transplant: The term (Allo) means other.Stem cells are removed from another person, called a donor. Most times, the donor's genes must at least partly match your genes. Special tests are done to see if a donor is a good match for you. A brother or sister is most likely to be a good match. Sometimes parents, children, and other relatives are good matches. Donors who are not related to you, yet still match, may be found through national bone marrow registries.
-3Umbilical( (^) ُر(cord blood transplant: This is a type of allogeneic transplant. Stem cells are removed from a newborn baby's umbilical cord right after birth. The stem cells are frozen and stored until they are needed for a transplant. Umbilical cord blood cells are very immature so there is less of a need for perfect matching. Due to the smaller number of stem cells, blood counts take much longer to recover.
If an adult person has a faulty version of the human analog to ced4- of the nematode, which of the following is most likely to result? A) activation of a developmental pathway found in the worm but not in humans B) a form of cancer in which there is insufficient apoptosis C) formation of molecular pores in the mitochondrial outer membrane D) excess skin loss
A researcher found a method she could use to manipulate and quantify phosphorylation and methylation in embryonic cells in culture. In one set of experiments, she succeeded in increasing acetylation of histone tails in the chromatin of the cells. Which of the following results would she most likely see in these cells? A) increased chromatin condensation B) decreased chromatin condensation C) decreased binding of transcription factors D) inactivation of the selected genes
13 ) Starting with a fertilized egg (zygote), a series of six cell divisions would produce an early embryo with how many cells? A) 12 B) 16 C) 32 D) 64
15 ) If an amphibian zygote is manipulated so that the first cleavage plane fails to divide the gray crescent, then ________. A) the daughter cell with the entire gray crescent will die B) both daughter cells will develop normally, because amphibians are totipotent at this stage C) only the daughter cell with the gray crescent will develop normally D) both daughter cells will develop abnormally
Which tissue type or organ is not correctly matched with its germ layer tissue? A) nervous—mesoderm B) muscular—mesoderm C) stomach—endoderm D) skin—ectoderm
The fact that plants can be cloned from somatic cells demonstrates that ________. A) differentiated cells retain all the genes of the zygote B) genes are lost during differentiation C) the differentiated state is normally very unstable D) differentiation does not occur in plants
A researcher is using adult stem cells and comparing them to other adult stem cells from the same tissue. Which of the following is the most likely finding? A) The cells from 2 sources exhibit different patterns of DNA methylation B) Adult stem cells have more DNA nucleotides than their counterparts C) The two kinds of cells have virtually identical gene expression patterns in microarrays D) The non – stem cells have fewer repressed gene
19 ) What is the difference between embryonic stem cells and adult stem cells? A. Embryonic stem cells can differentiate into more cell types than adult stem cells B. Adult stem cells are pluripotent, just like embryonic stem cells C. Adult stem cells can differentiate into more cell types than embryonic stem cells D. Adult stem cells grow bigger than embryonic stem cells
Which stem cells have the most potency? A. Multipotent B. Pluripotent C. Totipotent D. Unipotent
Adult stem cells can also be referred to as: A. somatic stem cells B. embryonic stem cells C. starter cells D. IPS cells
neural stem cells from the brain can differentiate into which types of cell: A. only specialized brain cells B. specialized brain cells and specialized skin cells C. all types of specialized cells
23 ) Specifically, which cells are harvested from the early embryo? A. All cells B. Inner cell mass C. Enucleated cells D. Umbilical cord cells
Which of the following terms describes the potential of zygotes? A. Totipotent B. Pluripotent C. Multipotent D. Omnipotent
Which of the following terms describes the potential of the inner mass cells from the blastocyst? A. Totipotent B. Pluripotent C. Multipotent
27 ) Why are bone marrow cells a good example of adult stem cells? A. They aren't. Bone marrow cells are embryonic stem cells. B. Bone marrow cells are multipotent and can only become red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. C. Bone marrow cells have the potential to become every type of cell in the body. D. Bone marrow cells are only found in humans 18 years old and over.
29 ) Mesoderm gives rise to all the structures except A. Gonads B. Circulatory system C. Nervous system D. Muscular system
The third layer to form in gastrulation is the A. Ectoderm B. Endoderm C. Mesoderm D. Blastocoel
________ is cell division without growth. A. Fertilization B. Cleavage C. Development D. Differentiation
A blastocyst has a _______________ which will become placenta and ______________________ which will become the rest of the embryo. A. inner cell mass; trophoblast B. trophoblast; artificial twinning C. trophoblast; inner cell mass D. somatic cell; enucleated oocyte
Which of the following terms describes the potential of zygotes? A. Totipotent B. Pluripotent C. Multipotent D. Omnipotent
Which of the following terms describes the potential of the inner mass cells from the blastocyst? A. Totipotent B. Pluripotent C. Multipotent
27 ) Why are bone marrow cells a good example of adult stem cells? A. They aren't. Bone marrow cells are embryonic stem cells. B. Bone marrow cells are multipotent and can only become red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. C. Bone marrow cells have the potential to become every type of cell in the body. D. Bone marrow cells are only found in humans 18 years old and over.
29 ) Mesoderm gives rise to all the structures except A. Gonads B. Circulatory system C. Nervous system D. Muscular system
The third layer to form in gastrulation is the A. Ectoderm B. Endoderm C. Mesoderm D. Blastocoel
________ is cell division without growth. A. Fertilization B. Cleavage C. Development D. Differentiation
A blastocyst has a _______________ which will become placenta and ______________________ which will become the rest of the embryo. A. inner cell mass; trophoblast B. trophoblast; artificial twinning C. trophoblast; inner cell mass D. somatic cell; enucleated oocyte
50). Which of the following terms describes a "hollow ball" of about 150 cells which have not yet decided what they will be? a. oocyte b. zygote c. blastocyst d. somatic
51). Which of the following is NOT TRUE about somatic cells? a. They have a complete set of chromosomes b. They have chromosomes which come in pairs c. Skin cells and liver cells would be examples d. Sperm cells and egg cells would be examples
52). A blastocyst has a _______________ which will become placenta and an ______________________ which will become the rest of the embryo. a. inner cell mass; trophoblast b. trophoblast; artificial twinning c. trophoblast; inner cell mass d. somatic cell; enucleated oocyte
53). When an "oocyte is enucleated"... a. a skin cell is fused with an egg b. a nucleus is removed from a somatic cell c. a nucleus is removed from an oocyte d. a sperm cell fertilizes an egg cell
54). SCNT stands for... a. Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer b. Somatic Cell Natural Transcription c. Somatic Cell Nerve Transfer d. Skin Cell Nuclear Translation
55). When a somatic cell is transferred into an enucleated oocyte during SCNT, the combined cells must be fertilized so that they begin mitosis. a. TRUE - a.k.a. "sure, why not" b. FALSE - somatic cells are enucleated NOT oocytes C. FALSE - the combined cells must begin meiosis NOT mitosis d. FALSE - the combined cells must be shocked to begin mitosis
56). Which of the following terms describes the potential of zygotes? a. Totipotent b. Pluripotent c. Multipotent d. Omnipotent
57). Which of the following terms describes the potential of the inner mass cells from the blastocyst? a. Totipotent b. Pluripotent c. Multipotent d. Omnipotent
58 ). Why are bone marrow cells a good example of adult stem cells? a. They aren't. Bone marrow cells are embryonic stem cells. b. Bone marrow cells are multipotent and can only become red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. c. Bone marrow cells have the potential to become every type of cell in the body. d. Bone marrow cells are only found in humans 18 and over.
59). Cells which have decided what type they are going to be are called... a. Adult Stem cells b. differentiated c. undifferentiated d. pluripotent
60). Which of the following is TRUE about reproductive and therapeutic cloning? a. Reproductive involves SCNT whereas therapeutic involves artificial twinning b. Neither involves destroying a blastocyst c. Both involve SCNT up to the blastocyst stage d. Reproductive cloning produces embryonic stem cells while therapeutic cloning produces adult stem cells.
61 ). embryonic stem cells can differentiate into what kinds of cells a. only cells of the brains b. only specialized blood cells c. only cells derived from tissues d. all types of specialized cells in the body
62). what is the role of stem cells in the body a. fight against infection b. provide specialized roles in the body c. used for fertility treatment d. they produce new specialized cells in the body to replace old cells that are used up
63). what are adult stem cells? a. differentiated cell, thought to be found among other differentiated cells in a tissue or organ b. undifferentiated cell, found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ c. they are the same as embryonic stem cells d. undifferentiated cell, found among other differentiated cells in an organism
64). a blastocyst is a. a type of stem cell b. a very early stage embryo c. part of the blood system d. a type of brain cell
42). Which stem cells have the most potency? a. Multipotent b. Pluripotent c. Totipotent d. Unipotent l
65). Which of the following is NOT a source for stem cells? a. umbilical cord blood b. early embryos c. sperm and eggs d. certain adult tissues
67 ). Which of the following terms describes the fertilized egg? a. oocyte b. zygote c. blastocyst d. somatic
68 ). All our cells, except sex cells like eggs or sperm, have ___________ DNA a. different b. similar c. exactly the same d. half the amount of
70). A somatic cell is... a. any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells. b. The reproductive cells of an organism. c. an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism d. one or more layers of densely packed cells
71). A germ cell or gamete is... a. any cell of a living organism other than the reproductive cells. b. The reproductive cells of an organism. c. an undifferentiated cell of a multicellular organism d. one or more layers of densely packed cells
How do stem cells know what type of cells to differentiate into? a. The nucleus has instructions to turn some genes on and some genes off b. Signals from chemicals in the organism or from the environment determine which genes will be turned on and off c. Genes turn on and off randomly d. The cell has unique DNA that determines what the cell will become.
The diagram shows the process of cell specialization from a single stem cell. Which of the following statements is true about the process of specialization. a. Specialized cells (blood, skin, nervous etc) cannot be produced from a single stem cell b. Specialized cells are produced immediately following fertilization c. Even though all the cells in an organism come from one single cell, they can specialize into different cell types d. Since all the cells in an organism come from one single cell, they must all have the same structure and function
74 ). Which is NOT an example of cell differentiation? a. Bone marrow cells are used to repair damage to heart tissues b. A fertilized egg to cell developed into an embryo c. A leaf cell divides as a plant leaf grows d. Stem cells from bone marrow develop into blood cells
75). Developing stage of a multicellular organism a. Cell b. Embryo c. Cub d. Baby
76 ). Process in which cells become specialized in structure and function a. Definition b. Distinction c. Tarnation d. Differentiation
77). Cells that are able to develop into any type of cell found in the body a. Totipotent b. Plant Cell c. Pluripotent d. Embryonic cell
78). Cells that are capable of developing into most, but not all, of the body's cell types a. Pluripotent b. Developing cell c. Omnipotent d. Totipotent
Hemoglobin is a protein that carries Oxygen to all of the parts in the body. What type of specialized cell would be expressing the hemoglobin gene (DNA)? a. skin cell b. nerve cell c. muscle cell d. red blood cell
Specifically, which cells are harvested from the early embryo? A- All cells B- Inner cell mass C- Embryonic stem cells D- Umbilical cord cells
M. E. O
And we must acknowledge the virtues of all those who
participated in this work, particularly their persever-
ance and seriousness in this work.
special and sincere gratitude to
Ms. Ebthal and dr. Ahmed Abdelmaksoud
-98In the first ever stem cell transplant to a replace a collapse trachea, __________stem cells were used. a. Embryonic stem cells b. IPSCs c. Totipotent stem cells d. Pluripotent stem cell e. -Adult stem cells
-99Adult stem cells are considered to have limited potency potential because... a. They are partially differentiated and lineage committed. b. They are not quite as educated as ESC and IPSCs. c. They are not potent enough. d. They cannot different into specific cell types that are terminally differentiated
-100Why might using embryonic stem cells be beneficial a. there are risks due to viral transfer b. there are ethical objections c. there are religious objections d. the cells wont be rejected by the recipient
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