concave
f
=
zR
SI
unit
:
o
convex
f
=
-'zR
⑦
E
S
Mirror
Eq
:
do
di
=
!
57
=>
:
-
m
(
+
)
:
upright
;
m(
=
)
:
invert
I
angle
of
angle
of
m
=
dil
.
real
,
inut
,
red
reai
,
inut
,
en
virt
,
upr
,
enl.
virt
,
upr
,
red
di
do
(
+
)
:
real
,
in
front
of
mirror
reflection
~
do
>
f
;
di
>
o
:
real
,
inverted
do
f
;
di
o
di
s
dildo (t)
:
Virtual
,
behind
mirror
Refraction
of
Light
:
Sin-1_
sin
Index
of
Refraction
:
n
=
C
Vi
W
⑭
27
2
=
900
Snell's
Law
:
nisin-1
=
12
sin-2
·
There
is
no
change
in
direction
ZZZZ
air
I
1
..
I
1
C
I
1
1
=
C
I
...
a
-
if
there
is
no
change
in
n
"
1
~
diamond
·
The
greater
the
change
in
n
.
small
of
incident
large
of
incident
of
incident
is
large
enough
larger
incident
ninz
(speed
v)
bends
toward
normal
the
greater
the
change
in
light
enter
a
smaller
n
(n1
<
n2)
>
bend
>
of
refraction
is
900
>
Total
internal
reflection
air
-
propagation
direction
.
away
from
normal
Sin
-c
=
n2
ni
water
-
·
If
ray
change
medium
along
the
n,nz
(speed
1)
bends
away
normal
normal
l )
undeflected
(regarless
n)
Converging
(Conrex)
Lenses
f
O
Diverging
(Concave)
Lense
f
70
&
P
M
·
-
>
always
-
*
Laser
beam
will
also
bend
so
aim
directly
at
the
image
G
-
I
-virtu
M
·
V
Index
of
refraction
:
higher
if
a
in
frequency
v
=
cn
real
,
inut
,
larger
virt
,
upr
,
larger
SMI
.
=>
spread
out
in
a
rainbow
color
:
dispersion
do]
f
;
di
<
0
do
If
;
di
<O
di
LO
=>
larger
or
(blue)
bends
towards
normal
*
for
lenses
:
image
behind
lense
:
di
so
-
real
The
eye
produces
a
real
,
inverted
image
on
the
retina
=
the
brain
adjusts
the
image
to
appear
properly
Ciliary
muscles
adj
the
shape
of
the
lense
accommodate
near
+
far
vision
,
iris
control
#
of
light
enter
viewing
a
distant
object
Viewing
a
near
object
=>
0
distant
obj
relaxed
ciliary
obj
tensed
ciliary
+
Near
pt
:
closest
pt
to
the
eye
lens
is
able
to
focus
(v25cm)
↑
focal
length
3
↑
refractive
power
-
Far
pt
:
farthest
pt
&which
the
eye
can
focus
(C)
-
-
number
=
focal
length
-
iris
contracts
,
up
aperture
Refractive
power
:
Strength
of
corrective
lense
=
If
;
SI
=
diopter
=
m -
Nearsighted
:
need
far
vision
correction
=)
refractive
power
too
high
:
-
extra
lens
wh
(-)
ref
.
power
concave
lens
stun
clear
:
8
image
formed
in
front
:
0
.
&
far far
Dt
of
the
retina
Dt
*
correction
:
image
an
object
at
a
to
the
farpt
:
do
=
0
,
di
=
-FP
,
ref
power
:
If
=
FP
or
f
=
-FP
Farsighted
:
needs
near
vision
correction
=>
refractive
power
too
low
:
-
extra
lens
w/
(
+
)
ref
.
power
convex
lens
·
image
formed
behind
1
·
-
..
O
.
near
of
the
retina
Dt
*
correction
:
image
an
object
at
normal
near
pt
:
do
=
0
.
25m
,
di
=
-NP
,
ref
power
:
'f
= "
0
.
25
-'
NP
Magnifying
glass
:
simple
convex
lens
,
similar
to
corrective
Telescopes
:
using
lenses
called
refractors
Compound
Microscope
:
2
converging
lense
,
I
eyepiece
no
·
tobi
teye
-
lens
for
farsightedness
do
(close
to
eye)
,
objective
close
to
object
·
,
s
?
+
If
the
object
move
closer
to
the
eye
,
its
angular
size
s
5
-
hi-
-
>
object
placed
nearf
of
objective
lense
:
no
B
+
if
placed
at
NP
:
-
=
N
objective
eyepiece
mobjective
=
did
ective
-
N
image
formed
by
Angular
magnification
:
M
=
-
or
M=
eyepiece
at
o
>
image
formed
at
f
on
eyepiece
image
at
&
:
+
The
magnification
can
be
maximized
by
having
the
Total
magnification
:
the
product
of
m
of
each
lens
N
image
at
the
near
pt
:
M
total
=
"f
objective
Meyepiece
=
feyepiece
f
eyepiece
relaxed
eye
:
M
=
Nf
(image
&
D)
>
Total
magnification
=
Mtotal
=
Mobj
Meye
N
or
M
=
1
+
N
+
(image
@NP)
L
=
fobj
+
feye
=
decive
eyepiece
=+
objecti
eyepiece
