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Study Guide for Final Examination
This guide is not providing “answers” for the conceptual questions. It is a list of topical concepts
and their application you should be familiar with. It is an aid to help prepare for the final exam.
Material not previously covered by mid-term exam study has bold section headers.
Steel Design
Design methodologies
Steel grades (standard properties)
Yield strength vs. ultimate strength
Local buckling in web & flange
Bearing on flange
Plastic section modulus
Plastic moment & plastic hinges
Braced vs. unbraced length
Use of beam moment capacity charts
Equivalent uniform load based on maximum moment
Slenderness criteria & l/r
with respect to least radius of gyration
Compact section criteria
Use of column load capacity charts
Beam-columns
Interaction equations (P-Δ)
W ( first number meaning ) x ( second number meaning)
Bolt designations
Gross area
Effective net area
Area of web
Connection types
Weld strengths
Throat thickness
Fillet, butt, plug, slot
Coping
Tension member
Simple shear connector
Single vs. double shear
Capacity of a connection
Block Shear Rupture
Design vs. analysis
Decking
Gusset plates
Web stiffener plates
Open web joists and use of design charts
Equivalent uniform load from maximum moment
Column base plate dimensioning
Beam shear splice
Eccentrically loaded bolt group
Masonry Design
Design methodology
The fact that masonry can resist tension without steel!
Brick, block, CMU, etc.
Grout vs. mortar
MASONWORK
Masonry strength (prisms)
Grouting cover and purpose
Moisture and clay unit durability
Combined stresses for walls
Virtual eccentricity
Lintels and arching action + load distribution
Interaction equations (P-Δ)
Pilasters
Design vs. analysis
Foundation Design
Design methodology (separate from reinforced concrete design)
Net soil pressure vs. allowable soil pressure
Overburden
Sliding and overturning (stability)
Settlement
Active vs. passive pressure
Foundation types
Foundation parts (key, counterfort, etc...)
Shallow foundations vs. deep foundations
Kern and pressure distribution
Shear resistance and bearing resistance of piles
Design vs. analysis
Reinforced concrete design for shear and bending
One-way vs. two-way shear (load & strength)
Location of maximum shear in beams & footings
Location of maximum moment in footings
Embedment length
Bearing and dowels
Structural Supervision
Steel grade
Concrete mix design & slump
Concrete cylinders
Masonry prisms
Clear (of grout) cavities for moisture
Protection of timber from weather
Bracing during construction
Tolerances for assembly
Fire considerations
General: Systems
One-way vs. two-way systems
Truss configurations and assumptions for analysis
Zero-force member
Special truss member configurations at joints and conditions
Basis of graphical truss analysis (aka Maxwell’s diagram)
Compound truss
“Cable” truss members
“Shear & Moments” in parallel chord trusses
Lenticular truss
Vierendeel “truss”
Catenary shape, sag
Cable-stayed
Pinned arches (2 vs. 3) & rigid arches
“Thrust”
Rigid vs. non-rigid pinned frames
Rigid frame behavior
Connection types and load/moment transfer
Moment “redistribution”
Methods for analysis of statically indeterminate frames
Effect of relative frame member stiffnesses
Types and purpose of bracing
Sidesway
Bearing, shear, curtain walls ...
Cantilever method with lateral forces
General: Columns
Stability
Buckling vs. crushing
Slenderness
Critical Buckling and Euler’s Formula
Effective length, K & bracing (end conditions)
Beam-Columns (eccentric loading)
Combined bending and compression – interaction equations or diagrams
P-Δ effect
Eccentricity
Kern
General: Design
Allowable Stress Design
Load and Resistance Factor Design
Factored loads
Resistance Factors
“Design” values vs. “Capacity”
Factor of Safety
Density of materials and relation to weight
Load types (and directions) ( like D, L, S ...)
Minimum loads (building codes)
Load combinations
Serviceability and limits (ex. ponding)
Live load reduction
Building codes vs. standards vs. structural codes
Stability of systems & members
Design vs. analysis
Efficiency
Load tracing & (con)tributary width (vs. area)
Static vs. dynamic loads
Equivalent static wind load & pressure
Concentrated loads
Distributed loads – uniform / non-uniform
Result of acceleration on a mass and Weight
Period of vibration, frequency, damping & resonance
General: Beams
Simply supported
Overhang
Cantilever
Continuous
w vs. W
Equivalent center of load area
Built-up shape
Centroid, moment of inertia, Q , radius of gyration
Neutral axis, section modulus, extreme fiber
Negative area method
Parallel axis theorem
Maximum bending stress (& location along length and in cross section)
Maximum shear stress (& location along length and in cross section)
Maximum shear stress by beam shape (proper equations)
Shear flow and shear center
Lateral buckling (and bracing)
Torsion stresses and cross section shape
Stress types in beams
Self-weight
Deflections & superpositioning (+ units)
Use of Beam Diagrams and Formulas
Principal stresses
Efficient cross-section shapes
Shaping a beam along the length for efficiency.
Location of supports and efficiency.
“Effective length” and points of inflection
Methods for analysis of statically indeterminate beams
Support settlements and stress redistribution
Loading patterns for spans
General: Membranes & Shells
Appropriate loads & primary stresses
Air-supported vs. air-inflated
Materials, durability, and punctures
Profiles and wind effects
Shell vs. not shell (stresses are key)
Meridional vs. Hoop
Shell forces vs stresses (with respect to thickness and strips)
Tension vs. compression rings
“Thrust”
Buckling and “snap-through”
Anticlastic shell properties
Pressure vs. membrane stress
Curvature and membrane stress
Hyperbolic paraboloid
General: Plates & Grids
Plate vs. slab
One-way vs. two-way behavior
Aspect ratio (with respect to bay dimensions)
Space frame vs. grid
Unit width for design
Moment redistribution
Pan joists, T sections & effective width of flange
Drop panels
Boundary conditions & effect on deflections / moments
Point loads and effect on deflections / moments
Simplified Frame Analysis & “Strip” method
Design shear & moments (spans “integral with support”, first interior support, etc.)
Direct design method for two-way slabs & M (^) o
Solutions for large shear at space frame supports
Moment of inertia with respect to folded plates
Reason for stiffening of folded plates
Live load reduction
Thickness as a fraction of bay span (L)
“Punching” shear at columns
Reinforced Concrete
Cast-in place, precast, prestressed (pretensioned), post-tensioned
Constituents to make concrete
Slump
Behavior in compression vs. tension of concrete
Design methodology
28-day compressive strength
Term “working stress design”
Creep
Camber (hogging & sagging)
“composite”
Transformed section
Depth of the Whitney stress
Moment capacity (or ultimate strength) vs. nominal moment (or strength)
Factored design moment (or shear or ....)
Design stress in reinforcement
Design stress in concrete
Reinforcement grades
Reinforcement ratio
Effective depth vs. depth of a beam
Under-reinforced vs. over-reinforced
Balanced-steel condition
Purpose of minimum reinforcement area requirement
Why development length is necessary
Use of Strength Design Curves (Rn)
Purpose of stirrup requirement when concrete capacity is available
Diagonal tension cracks
Stirrup strength
Shrinkage
Concrete cover and purpose
#3 bar (meaning of the numeral)
Purpose of compression reinforcement
T-section behavior and stresses in flange
One-way joists, vs. beams, vs. girders
“Spandrel”
One-way slab design and “unit” strip
One-way vs. two-way slabs
One-way vs. two-way shear (load & strength)
Plate vs. Flat Slab
Continuous beam analysis with coefficients
Clear span / span length
Columns with ties vs. spirals (stresses, factors, etc.)
Interaction diagrams (P-Δ)
Location of maximum shear in beams
Live load reduction
Beam self weight relationship to material density (150 lb/ft^3 )
Design vs. analysis
Timber Design
Lumber vs. engineered timber characteristics (ex: glulam)
Light-frame vs. heavy timber construction
Lumber grading
Various strengths (directionality, wood type, etc.)
Built-up member types
Design methodologies and obtaining allowed stresses (adjustment factors - duration, multiple member use....)
Creep
Nominal dimensions
Beam self weight with respect to material density (variable for wood types)
Column stability factor, FCE & l/d
Interaction equations (P-Δ)
Connection stresses
Design vs. analysis
Bolt designations
Effective net area
Connection types
Single vs. double shear
Bolt capacity charts and relation to wood strengths
Allowable shear capacity charts for diaphragms
Chord forces in diaphragms
