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Study Guide for Exam - Animal Nutrition | ANSC 321, Study notes of Zoology

University of Illinois - Urbana-ChampaignZoology
Prof. Juan J. Loor

Material Type: Notes; Professor: Loor; Class: Animal Nutrition; Subject: Animal Sciences; University: University of Illinois - Urbana-Champaign; Term: Fall 2009;

Typology: Study notes

Pre 2010

Uploaded on 03/16/2010

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1. What are the main functions of lipids in the body?
-stored energy
-components in plasma membrane of all cells
-carrier for vitamins A,D,E,K
-insulation and lubrication
2. Define what a lipid is:
PHYSICAL: a group of compounds soluble in organic solvents (ether, benzene, chloroform), insoluble
in water.
CHEMICAL: esters of fatty acids and glycerol or some other alcohol
3. What are the two main classifications of lipids?
1) Glycerol based
-simple
*oils
*fats
-compound
*lipoproteins
*glycolipids
-glucolipids
-galactolipids
*phosphoglycerides
-lecithins
-cephalins
2) Non-glycerol based
-sphingomelins
-cerebrosides
-waxes
-steroids
-terpenes
-prostaglandins
What are simple and compound lipids? (and give one example of each)
They are both glycerol based lipids.
SIMPLE
-triglycerides (most nutritionally significant) (form bulk of animal and plant fats and oils)
COMPOUND
-glycolipids (in plants)
-lipoproteins
-phospholipids (lecithin, etc)
4. PLANT AND ANIMAL LIPIDS
What is the main type of lipids in plants?
Glycolipids (40-50%). surface lipids are waxes, storage is in oils
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1. What are the main functions of lipids in the body? -stored energy -components in plasma membrane of all cells -carrier for vitamins A,D,E,K -insulation and lubrication 2. Define what a lipid is: PHYSICAL: a group of compounds soluble in organic solvents (ether, benzene, chloroform), insoluble in water. CHEMICAL: esters of fatty acids and glycerol or some other alcohol 3. What are the two main classifications of lipids?

  1. Glycerol based -simple *oils *fats -compound *lipoproteins *glycolipids -glucolipids -galactolipids *phosphoglycerides -lecithins -cephalins
  2. Non-glycerol based -sphingomelins -cerebrosides -waxes -steroids -terpenes -prostaglandins What are simple and compound lipids? (and give one example of each) They are both glycerol based lipids. SIMPLE -triglycerides (most nutritionally significant) (form bulk of animal and plant fats and oils) COMPOUND -glycolipids (in plants) -lipoproteins -phospholipids (lecithin, etc) 4. PLANT AND ANIMAL LIPIDS What is the main type of lipids in plants? Glycolipids (40-50%). surface lipids are waxes, storage is in oils

Main type of lipids for storage form in animals? Triglycerides (97% of adipose tissue). Main type found in blood animal plasma? Free or non-esterified fatty acids, triglycerides Structural lipids in animals? Mainly phospholipids

5. SIMPLE LIPIDS What is a triglyceride made of? Esters of a fatty acid with alcohol (glycerol). They are the most nutritionally significant of lipids group. Give two examples of animals products that contain triglycerides as the main lipid: steak, milk, butter, bacon What is a sterol or sterol ester made of? Provide an example of one of them: a cyclopentane ring and a phenanthrene nucleus. Cholesterol is an example, so are bile acids and sex hormones (steroids). What are waxes made of? What are their main biological functions in both plants and animals? Fatty acids esterified to long chain alcohols with similar chain lengths. Functions: energy stores and water-proofing of external surfaces 6) COMPOUND LIPIDS How does the body make vitamin D3? Uses UV light as a catalyst to change 2,7-dehydrocholesterool into vitamin D What is the main structural difference between bile acids and prostaglandins? Bile acids have many ring structures linked together, whereas prostaglandins have one ring structure connected to two straight chains 7) FATTY ACIDS What is a fatty acid? They determine the properties of fats. Natural fatty acids: -even # of carbon atoms (2-24) -straight chain -carboxyl group (-COOH) at the end -odd chain also found but due to absorption of microbial derived fatty acids How are fatty acids classified?

What is an essential fatty acid? Provide 3 examples of essential fatty acids: Essential= animals cannot synthesize it or cannot synthesize it in sufficient quantities to meet requirement of animal for normal growth.

  1. linoleic
  2. linolenic
  3. arachidonic Describe the main steps used by our tissues to make polyunsaturated fatty acids with 20 carbons. -Linoleic acid (C 18:2) is converted by delta-6 desaturase to C18:3, two carbons are added (C20:3) and then delta-5 desaturase adds a double bond to make arachidonate (C20:4)
  • Also, linolenic acid (C18:3) has a double bond added by delta-6 desaturase, then two carbons are added (C:20:4), then delta-5 desaturase adds another double bond, which makes Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, C20:5). Then delta-6 desaturase adds a double bond and two carbons are added, which makes Docosahexanoic acid (DHA, C22:6) What are 3 examples of polyunsaturated fatty acids that can be made by our tissues from the essential fatty acids 18:2 and 18:3? 18:2 = linoleic
  1. arachidonate 18:3 = linolenic
  2. eicosapentaenoic (EPA)
  3. docosahexanoic (DHA) What are the general requirements for essential fatty acids in dogs and cats? Dogs require greater than 1% linoleic (18:2) on dry matter basis Cats require 0.5% linoleic (18:2) and 0.02% arachidonic (20:4) on a dry matter basis when diet is low in protein or poor quality protein, diet should contain at least 5-10% fat on dry matter basis Why is arachidonic acid (20:4) conditionally essential for cats? Low conversion of linoleic (18:2) to arachidonate What are the common dietary sources of arachidonic acid for companion animals? Poultry and lard 8. Ruminants: - What happens to unsaturated fatty acids in the rumen? hydrogenated (made into saturated fatty acids) - What can happen in the rumen if too much lipid is fed? >6% added fat in diet is toxic to rumen bacteria (esp. unsaturated fatty acids). Typical diets have 3-3.5% total fat. -Too much fat impairs digestion (coating of fiber particles, unsaturated are more detrimental). -Fatty acids can be poorly digested (depends on chain length and saturation) -Fat can reduce intake (reduced fiber digestibility)

- Describe the steps that occur in the rumen during lipid digestion - triglycerol and glycerol undergo hydrolysis -sugar from hydrolysis goes to microbial cells which turn it into microbial phospholipids -other products from hydrolysis undergo hydrogenation -inert fats bypass hydrolysis and hydrogenation - Describe the 4 steps during ruminal hydrogenation of lipids 1) An esterified plant lipid is turned into an unsaturated fatty acid (cis-9, cis-12, etc) by lipases, galactolipases, and phosoholipases. 2) (group A bacteria) Isomerase changes the unsaturated fatty acids into cis-9, trans-11, C18: 3) (group A bacteria) Reductase changes that into trans-11 C18: 4) (group B bacteria) Reductase changes that into C18: - What is the main fatty acid end-product resulting from ruminal hydrogenation? C18:0 (Stearic acid: CH3(CH2)16COOH ) 9. What is fatty acid peroxidation of unsaturated fatty acids: H ydroperoxides are short chain free radicals that attack other fatty acids.  What factors affect peroxidation of diets? -level of dietary fat -degree of unsaturation -UV light -temp. during storage -exposure to oxygen -metals (Cu, Fe, etc) - What happens when there is a high degree of peroxidation of diets? They cause: -deterioration of food/feeds (rancidity)

  • foul smell and bad taste leads to decreased intake, depressed growth if severe -damage to tissues, may contribute to cancer, aging, etc  What compound can you add to prevent lipid peroxidation of diets? Vitamin E or C (natural) Ethoxyquin, BHA, BHT (artificial) 10. Lipid digestion and absorption: these processes are essentially the same in monogastrics and ruminants after the rumen.