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which of the following hormones is secreted by the kidney? aldosterone angiotensin somatostatin renin - correct answer ✅renin the kidneys receive approximately_______% of the cardiac output under normal physiologic conditions. 10- 15- 20- 25-30 - correct answer ✅20- when tubular filtrate enters the late distal tubule and collecting tubule, it is hypertonic hypotonic isotonic none of the above - correct answer ✅hypotonic when the tubular filtrate enters the late distal tubule and cortical collecting tubule, it is hypotonic because more solutes than water have been reabsorbed from the ascending limb of the loop of Henle. one etiology of intrarenal azotemia is x-ray contrast media
anaphylactic reaction neurogenic bladder renal artery emboli - correct answer ✅x-ray contrast media patient problems noted in the diuretic stage of acute renal failure can include all of the following except hypokalemia renal hypoplasia hyperphosphatemia metabolic acidosis - correct answer ✅renal hypoplasia acute poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis(APSGN) occurs primarily in the elderly is treated with immunosuppressives causes hypoalbuminemia follows a streptococcal infection - correct answer ✅follows a streptococcal infection Malignant renal neoplasms are treated with irradiation radical nephrectomy chemotherapy
found to increase as kidney function decreases about 110-120 for a young adult a measure of the cardiac output - correct answer ✅about 110-120 for a young adult the most common cause of kidney disease is DM HTN autoimmune disease congenital disease - correct answer ✅DM the pathologic process associated with diabetes is autoimmune destruction of beta cells of the pancreas with subsequent insulin deficiency. abnormatlities that result in resistance to insulin action both a &b
none of the above - correct answer ✅both a & b the most common cause of mortality in persons with diabetes is nephropathy or kidney failure infection cardiovascular disease (CVD) cerobrovascular disease - correct answer ✅CVD autoimmune diabetic disease is manifested by -low or undetectable levels of c-peptide -ketoacidosis -little insulin secretion over time leading to te need for exogenous insulin -all of the above - correct answer ✅all of the above type 2 diabetes is characterized by -relative deficiency of insulin production -decreased insulin action -increased insulin resistance -all of the above - correct answer ✅all of the above
b. hypernatremia c. metabolic alkalosis d. all of the above - correct answer ✅d. all of the above the cause acute tubular necrosis in sepsis is a. renal hypoperfusion b. ischemic injury to proximal tubule cells c. ischemic injury to efferent arterioles d. both a & b - correct answer ✅d. both a & b infection accounts for 75% of deaths in patients with ARF true false - correct answer ✅true xigris is an anti-inflammatory agent that has been proven effective in the treatment of sepsis. what medication should be avoided when a patient is being treated with Xigris? a. Procrit b. Vasopressin c. Heparin d. ACE-inhibitors - correct answer ✅c. heparin which of the following is correct regarding proteinuria?
a. the first morning spot urine corresponds best to the 24 hour urine protein excretion b. the mid morning spot urine corresponds best to the 24 hour urine protein excretion. c. Proteinuria is defined as <200mg/g in a spot urine for protein to creatinine ratio d. Microalbuminuria is defined as <200 mg/g in a spot urine for albumin to creatinine ratio. - correct answer ✅a. the first morning spot urine corresponds best to the 24 hour urine protein excretion NKF-KDOQI guidelines recommend screening for kidney disease n people at risk. The minimal parameters include a. b/p, urine protein, serum creatinine, urine sediment b. b/p. serum creatinine, bun, urine sediment c. serum creatinine, urine protein, urine sediment, bun d. serum creatinine, bun, urine sediment, urine protein - correct answer ✅a. b/p, urine protein, serum creatinine, urine sediment the potential for malnutrition is a concern for patients with ckd stages 3 & 4. Measures to help counteract this include a. 0.8-1 gram/protein/kg/day b. 30-35 cal/kg/day, depending on age c. high biologic value protein, such as egg yolks d. subjective patient reports - correct answer ✅b. 30-35 cal/kg/day, depending on age which of the following medications should be avoided in CKD stages 3& 4?
