Substance-Related Disorders - Abnormal Psychology - Lecture Slides, Slides of Abnormal Psychology

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Substance-Related Disorders

Substance-Related Disorders

• Result from the use of psychoactive substances that affect the central nervous system, cause significant social, occupational, psychological, or physical problems, and sometimes result in abuse or dependence.
• User may become a danger to others.
• Drug use may result in criminal activities.
  • Those things are expensive!
• Use of one substance may lead to use of other substances.
• Most prevalent among youths and young adults.

Substance Related Disorders

Substance-Related Disorders

• DSM-IV-TR categories of substance-related disorders: - Substance-Use Disorders: Those involving dependence and abuse. - Substance-Induced Disorders: Those involving withdrawal and substance-induced delirium.
• Substance-use disorders differentiated by:
  • Actual substance used
  • Whether disorder pattern is substance abuse or substance dependence.

Substance-Related Disorders

• Substance Abuse: Maladaptive pattern of recurrent use that: - Extends over a period of 12 months. - Leads to notable impairment or distress. - Continues despite social, occupational, psychological, physical or safety problems.

Substance-Related Disorders

• Substance Dependence: Maladaptive pattern of use over 12-month period, characterized by: - Unsuccessful efforts to control use, despite knowledge of harmful effects. - Takes more of substance than intended. - Devotes considerable time to activities necessary to obtain the substance.

Substance-Related Disorders

• Tolerance: Increasing doses are necessary to achieve desired effect.

Substance-Related Disorders

• Withdrawal: Distress/impairment in social, occupational, other areas of functioning or physical or emotional symptoms (e.g., shaking, irritability, inability to concentrate) after reducing or ceasing intake.
• Intoxication: A substance affecting CNS is ingested and causes maladaptive behaviors or psychological changes.

Substance Related Disorders

Substance-Use Disorders

• Physical Dependence: State of body such that bodily processes become modified & produce physical withdrawal symptoms when drug is removed.
• Psychological Dependence: A compulsion which requires continued use of a drug for some pleasurable effect.

Characteristics of Various Psychoactive Substances

Past-Month Illicit Drug Use Among Persons Aged 12 and Older, by Race/Ethnicity

Depressants or Sedatives

• Cause generalized depression of the central nervous system and a slowing down of responses.
• Include, among other substances:
  • Alcohol
  • Narcotics
  • Barbiturates
  • Benzodiazepines

Substance Abuse Disorders Alcohol-Use Disorders

• Alcoholic: Person who abuses/ is dependent on alcohol.
• Alcoholism: Characterized by abuse of, or dependency on, alcohol, which is a depressant.
• Binge Drinking: Person abstains for a while, but is unable to control/moderate intake when drinking resumes.

Substance Abuse Disorders Alcohol-Use Disorders

• Pattern of problem drinking:
  • Finds taste unpleasant; swears never to drink again after first bout of drunkenness.
  • Heavy drinking serves a purpose (e.g., reduces anxiety).
  • Consumption continues despite negative consequences.
  • Preoccupation with alcohol consumption; deterioration of social and occupational functioning. docsity.com

Alcohol Use

• Alcohol consumption around the world:
  • 11% of U.S. adults consume 1 oz or more of alcohol per day; 55% drink more than 3 drinks per week; 35% abstain.
  • In the U.S, 50% of total alcohol consumed is drunk by only 10% of drinkers, especially ages 18-25.
  • Varies according to cultural traditions and gender (in U.S. men drink 2-5 times as much as women).
  • In the U.S., problems in social, medical, physical, and financial costs.
  • Psychological effects of alcohol depend on the context of drinking. docsity.com

Gender, Ethnic, and Age Differences in Self-Reports of Alcohol Use During a One-Month Period

Blood Alcohol Level as a Function of Number of Drinks Consumed and Body Weight

Other Depressants or Sedatives

• Narcotics (Opiates): Drugs such as opium and its derivatives (morphine, heroin, codeine) that depress the CNS. - Provide relief from pain, anxiety, tension - Tolerance builds rapidly; extreme withdrawal symptoms - Prevalence: 0.7% of adult population at some time in their lives; prevalence decreases with age; greater for males than females

Other Depressants or Sedatives

• Barbiturates (“Downers”): Powerful depressant of CNS that are commonly used to induce relaxation and sleep. - More lethal than heroin (accidental overdose or combined with alcohol)
• Polysubstance Dependence: Dependence on repeated use of at least 3 substances (excluding caffeine and nicotine) for a period of 12 months
• Benzodiazepines (e.g., Valium)

“Club Drugs”

• Used by 70% of attendees at dance clubs and raves attended by young people. - Stimulants: Ecstasy/MDMA, LSD, GHB, ketamine, methamphetamine (responsible for largest number of emergency room visits) - Benzodiazepines: Rohypnol (“Roofies” or the “date-rape” drug)
• Ecstasy can cause cardiovascular failure, higher heart rate and blood pressure, heart wall stress, and cognitive deficits.