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Study guide for Semester Exam 10A

Science Department

Mr. Ventura

10A Physics

Semester Test date: Monday 2nd, 2024

Student’s name:

Materials needed for the test:

Pen

Pencil

Scientific Calculator

Eraser

Theme Content

● Scientific Notation and Conversions

● Motion (Define speed as distance

travelled per unit time; recall and use the equation v = s/t. Determine, qualitatively, from the shape of a speed–time graph when an object is: (a) .at rest (b) .moving with constant speed (c) .accelerating (d) .decelerating Calculate speed from the gradient of a straight-line section of a distance–time graph ")

● Speed

● Velocity

● Distance - Time Graphs

● Velocity - Time Graphs

● Constant acceleration

● Free fall

● Projectile Motion

● Forces ( Understand the concepts of force

applied, normal force, gravitational force, Find the resultant of two or more forces acting along the same line. Understand how to draw a free body diagram with the different forces related to it, Understand the adding process of multiple forces with different directions. Understand Newton's Laws and the concepts that lie behind them. Recognize that if there is no resultant force on a body it either remains at rest or continues at constant speed in a straight line)

● First Newton’s Law

● Second Newton’s Law

● Third Newton’s Law

● Friction Force

● Normal Force

● Gravitational Force

● Weight

● Energy and Work (State that energy may

be stored as kinetic, gravitational potential, chemical, elastic (strain), nuclear, electrostatic and internal (thermal). Know the principle of

● Energy

● Kinetic Energy

● Gravitational Potential Energy

● Law of Conservation of Energy

Formulas sheet 𝑠 = 𝑑 𝑡 𝑣 = 𝑑 𝑡 𝑎 = 𝑉𝑓−𝑉𝐼 𝑡𝑓−𝑡𝑖 𝑣 = 𝐷𝑓−𝐷𝐼 𝑡𝑓−𝑡𝑖 Y-AXIS 𝑣𝑓𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖𝑦 + 𝑎𝑡 ∆𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 12 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑣𝑓 𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖 𝑦 2

• 2 𝑎∆𝑦 𝑣𝑓𝑦 2 = 𝑣𝑖𝑦 2
• 2 𝑎∆𝑦 X-AXIS 𝑣𝑖𝑥 = ∆ 𝑡𝑥 ∆𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 12 𝑎𝑡 2 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 2
• 2 𝑎∆𝑥 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 Velocity components: 𝑣𝑖𝑥 = 𝑣𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑠θ 𝑣𝑖𝑦 = 𝑣𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛θ 𝑣𝑖 = 𝑣𝑖𝑥 2
• 𝑣𝑖𝑦 2 θ = 𝑡𝑎𝑛−^1 ( 𝑣𝑖𝑦 𝑣𝑖𝑥^ )

Relative Motion, Distance, and Displacement ● A description of motion depends on the reference frame from which it is described. ● The distance an object moves is the length of the path along which it moves. ● Displacement is the difference in the initial and final positions of an object. Speed and Velocity ● Average speed is a scalar quantity that describes distance traveled divided by the time during which the motion occurs. ● Velocity is a vector quantity that describes the speed and direction of an object. ● Average velocity is displacement over the time period during which the displacement occurs. If the velocity is constant, then average velocity and instantaneous velocity are the same. Distance vs. Time Graphs ● Graphs can be used to analyze motion. ● The slope of a position vs. time graph is the velocity. ● For a straight line graph of position, the slope is the average velocity. ● To obtain the instantaneous velocity at a given moment for a curved graph, find the tangent line at that point and take its slope. Velocity vs. Time Graphs ● The slope of a velocity vs. time graph is the acceleration. ● The area under a velocity vs. time curve is the displacement. ● Average velocity can be found in a velocity vs. time graph by taking the weighted average of all the velocities. Acceleration ● Acceleration is the rate of change of velocity. Its magnitude is expressed in units of m/s 2. ● The components of acceleration may be positive or negative. Representing Acceleration with Equations and Graphs ● The kinematic equations show how time, displacement, velocity, and acceleration are related for objects in motion. ● In general, kinematic problems can be solved by identifying the kinematic equation that expresses the unknown in terms of the knowns. ● Displacement, velocity, and acceleration may be displayed graphically versus time.

Newton's Third Law of Motion ● Newton’s third law of motion states that when one body exerts a force on a second body, the first body experiences a force that is equal in magnitude and opposite in direction to the force that it exerts. ● When an object rests on a surface, the surface applies a force on the object that opposes the weight of the object. This force acts perpendicular to the surface and is called the normal force. ● The pulling force that acts along a stretched flexible connector, such as a rope or cable, is called tension. When a rope supports the weight of an object at rest, the tension in the rope is equal to the weight of the object. ● Thrust is a force that pushes an object forward in response to the backward ejection of mass by the object. Rockets and airplanes are pushed forward by thrust. Work ● Work, in physics, refers to the energy transferred when a force is applied to an object and it moves in the direction of that force. ● Direction Matters : Work is only done when the force causes displacement in the direction of the force. If the force is perpendicular to the direction of displacement, like carrying a box horizontally while gravity acts downward, no work is done in terms of lifting the box. ● Positive and Negative Work : If the force and displacement are in the same direction, work is positive. If they are in opposite directions, like in friction, work is negative, indicating that energy is taken from the object.

Work, Power, and the Work–Energy Theorem ● Doing work on a system or object changes its energy. ● The work–energy theorem states that an amount of work that changes the velocity of an object is equal to the change in kinetic energy of that object.The work–energy theorem states that an amount of work that changes the velocity of an object is equal to the change in kinetic energy of that object. ● Power is the rate at which work is done. Mechanical Energy and Conservation of Energy ● Mechanical energy may be either kinetic (energy of motion) or potential (stored energy). ● Doing work on an object or system changes its energy. ● Total energy in a closed, isolated system is constant. Density Density is a measure of how much mass is contained in a given volume. It is calculated using the formula: Where: ● m is the mass of the substance (in kilograms, kg), ● v is the volume of the substance (in cubic meters, m³). Density is measured in kilograms per cubic meter (kg/m³). A denser object has more mass in the same volume than a less dense object. Pressure Pressure is the force applied per unit area on a surface. The formula for pressure is: where: ● P is the pressure (in pascals, Pa), ● F is the force applied (in newtons, N), ● A is the area over which the force is applied (in square meters, m²).

inversely related to frequency. Frequency Frequency is the number of wave cycles (or vibrations) that occur per second. It is represented by f and measured in hertz (Hz). In sound, frequency is perceived as pitch: ● Higher frequency = higher pitch (e.g., a high note on a piano). ● Lower frequency = lower pitch (e.g., a bass note). Amplitude Amplitude is the height of the wave from the equilibrium (or rest) position to the peak or trough. In sound, amplitude is related to loudness: ● Greater amplitude = louder sound. ● Lower amplitude = softer sound. Amplitude is often measured in units of pressure, such as pascals (Pa), for sound waves in the air. Speed The speed of sound is the rate at which sound waves travel through a medium. It depends on the properties of the medium (e.g., air, water, steel) and temperature. In dry air at room temperature, sound travels at approximately 343 m/s The speed of a sound wave can be calculated using the formula:

Multiple Choice.

1. Four bicyclists travel different distances and times along a straight path. Cyclist 1 travels 95 m in 27 s. Cyclist 2 travels 87 m in 22 s. Cyclist 3 travels 106 m in 26 s. Cyclist 4 travels 108 m in 24 s. Which cyclist traveled with the greatest average speed? A. Cyclist 1 B. Cyclist 2 C. Cyclist 3 D. Cyclist 4
2. Using the graph, what is the average velocity for the whole 10 seconds? A. The total average velocity is 0 m/s B. The total average velocity is 1. 2 m/s C. The total average velocity is 1. 5 m/s D. The total average velocity is 3. 0 m/s
3. Sebastian, Andres, and Joaquin all walked along straight paths. Sebastian walked
4. 95 km north in 48 min. Andres walked 2. 65 km west in 31 min. Joaquin walked 6. 50 km south in 81 min. Which of the following correctly ranks the three boys in order from lowest to highest average speed? A. Joaquin, Sebastian, Andres B. Joaquin, Andres, Sebastian C. Sebastian, Joaquin, Andres D. Andres, Sebastian, Joaquin

1. Which row of the table is correct for a transverse wave? A. Option A B. Option B C. Option C D. Option D
2. The graph depicted here represents what relationship? A. As the volume increases, the pressure increases. B. As the volume decreases, the pressure increases. C. As the volume decreases, the pressure decreases. D. As the volume decreases, the temperature increases.

Exercises

1. The graph shows the movement of a student going to Mr. Ventura’s Physics class. Answer the

following questions.

a) How far did the student travel from point A to point B?

b) Describe the student’s movement between point C and D?

c) Calculate the average speed of the student

between point A and E

d) Calculate the average speed of the student

between point A and C?

e) Calculate the average speed of the student

between point D and E?

f) Calculate the average speed of the student

between point E and F?

1. Three blocks are pulled along a frictionless surface by a horizontal rope as shown in the figure below. a) Draw a free-body diagram for each block. b) Calculate the acceleration of the system. c) Calculate the tension force for T 2. d) Calculate the tension force for T 1
2. Sebastian pulls a 15 kg box 10 m along a horizontal floor with a rope that applies 250 N angled up at 30 degrees. If the frictional force between the floor and the box is 24 N, calculate the following: a) The work done by the force b) The work done by gravity, explain why c) The work done by the frictional force d) The total work on the box
3. The diagram below shows part of a downhill ski course which starts at point A, 50 m above ground level. Point B is 20 m above ground level. a) A skier of mass 70 kg starts from rest at point A and during the ski course some of the gravitational potential energy is transferred to kinetic energy. From A to B, 17 % of the gravitational potential energy is transferred to kinetic energy. Calculate the velocity of the skier.