Download Emotional Development in Infants: From Basic Emotions to Self-Awareness and more Quizzes Developmental Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!
What emotions do newborns express?
pleasure and distress TERM 2
What emotions do 6 months old express?
DEFINITION 2 express basic emotions joy, anger, fear, disgust, interest, surprise future emotions develop from basic ones TERM 3
Reflexive
Smile
DEFINITION 3 biological basis occurs during sleep or in response to high pitched tone TERM 4
Social
Smile
DEFINITION 4 in response to human face appears around two months marks emergence of joy TERM 5
Fear
DEFINITION 5 appears at 6 months and peaks at 18 months
Stranger
anxiety
less anxiety with familiar environment and gradual interaction TERM 7
Separation process
DEFINITION 7 10 to 15 months they protest being away from primary caregivers TERM 8
Complex emotions
DEFINITION 8 18-24 months pride, guilt, shame, embarrassment, and empathy require understanding of self and others TERM 9
Self Awareness: Rouge test
DEFINITION 9 Put red makeup on childs nose, put them in front of mirror, if they notice red on their nose, they touch their nose and are self aware TERM 10
Rouge test at 18 months
DEFINITION 10 touch own nose
Temperament test
visiting santa TERM 17
Temperament
DEFINITION 17 individual differences in mood, emotional reactivity, and behavior present at birth TERM 18
Thomas & Chess
Classifications
DEFINITION 18 easy child (40%) slow-to-warm-up child (15%) difficult child (10%) 35% not classified TERM 19
Easy Child
DEFINITION 19 40% positive mood adapts easily to new experiences regular, predictable habits TERM 20
Slow-to-warm-up
DEFINITION 20 15% low intensity mood low activity level at first wary, but eventually warm up to experiences
Difficult Child
negative reactions highly active irregular, unpredictable routine, and habits dislike changes and new situations TERM 22
Behavioral Inhibition
DEFINITION 22 avoidance, distress or subdued effect when presented with unfamiliarity can classify at 7-9 months TERM 23
Biological differences in inhibition
DEFINITION 23 high stable heart rate high cortisol levels high activity in right frontal lobe moderately heritable TERM 24
Gender differences in inhibition
DEFINITION 24 parents are more responsive to girls irritability TERM 25
Culture differences in inhibition
DEFINITION 25 valued in China, but not in North America
Avoid negative labels
develop self-fulfilling prophecy TERM 32
Trust v
Mistrust
DEFINITION 32 birth to 18 months cared for consistently vs basic needs met may change at another developmental stage infants learn to trust when their basic needs are met consistently and warmly When needs are not responded to consistently, an infant may develop a sense of distrust towards caregivers TERM 33
Autonomy vs Shame
DEFINITION 33 1-3 years of age wish to do everything themselves impatient, overprotective, or critical parenting may develop shame and doubt infants feel pride in their own accomplishments and want to do everything themselves if restrained too much, punished too harshly, or not allowed sufficient time, toddlers are likely to develop a sense of shame and doubt TERM 34
John Bowlby Theory
DEFINITION 34 parents and caregivers should be available, responsive, and consistent to promote secure attachment internal working model TERM 35
Attachment
DEFINITION 35 enduring sociomental relationship
Goal of John Bowlby
maintain emotional security TERM 37
Ainsworth Strange
Situation
DEFINITION 37 measures attachment put infant in mildly stressful situation to observe attachment behaviors he or she directs toward caregiver TERM 38
Secure attachment
DEFINITION 38 60-65% engaged in play when caregiver is present (secure base) may or may not cry when caregiver leaves not easily comforted by stranger seek contact with caregiver immediately and comforted (safe haven) related to positive, social, emotional, and cognitive outcomes TERM 39
Insecure avoidant attachment
DEFINITION 39 20% little interaction with caregiver usually not distressed by the situation easily comforted by stranger typically ignore/avoid caregiver at reunion TERM 40
Insecure resistant attachment
DEFINITION 40 15% cling to caregiver but resist closeness very upset when caregiver leaves upset and angry when caregiver returns not readily comforted by caregiver at reunion
reciprocacy develops strong interactions
preference for general contact at infancy later show separation anxiety at 8 months, peaks at 12 stranger anxiety at 7-9 months eventually children understand TERM 47
Fostering Cognitive development
DEFINITION 47 inter subjectivity scaffolding TERM 48
Inter subjectivity
DEFINITION 48 shared understanding of a task TERM 49
Scaffolding
DEFINITION 49 adult adjusts assistance to fit child's current level of performance TERM 50
Zone of Proximal Development
DEFINITION 50 range of task child cannot handle alone but can do with help a more skilled partner
Contribution of Vgotsky's Theory
focus on social interactions and contexts that facilitate cognitive development profound impact on education using ZPD, peers, and meaningful text TERM 52
Vgotsky
DEFINITION 52 lessons that apply in life threatening situations crossing the street TERM 53
Piaget
DEFINITION 53 lessons that apply in non-life threatening situations playing games TERM 54
Attention
DEFINITION 54 Attention is the cognitive process of selectively concentrating on one aspect of the environment while ignoring other things. preschool children show gains in executive attention-setting goals, making plans, monitoring progress, and dealing with difficult situations gain in sustained attention and focus for an extended time TERM 55
Short term memory
DEFINITION 55 2 digits at 2 years 5 digits at 7 years
Syntax
rules governing how words arrange into sentences TERM 62
Semantics
DEFINITION 62 meaning of words and combinations learn one word per hour between 18 months and 6 years TERM 63
Pragmatics
DEFINITION 63 rules determining how to engage in communication with others politeness, things beyond here and now, style depends on context TERM 64
Emotional Development
DEFINITION 64 understand and express wider range or emotions including complex emotions involving understanding of self and others TERM 65
empathy
DEFINITION 65 ability to experience emotions of others interpret emotional expression and respond appropriatly share toys, offer kind words, offer bandaids
Moral Development
thoughts, feelings, and behaviors regarding rules and convention TERM 67
Piaget's Moral theory
DEFINITION 67 heteronomous morality TERM 68
Heteronomous Morality
DEFINITION 68 4-7 years rules are unchangeable immanent justice: if a rule is broken, punishment is immediate regardless of intentions TERM 69
Autonomous Reality
DEFINITION 69 10 years+ rules created by people should consider intentions when judging actions TERM 70
Gender Development
DEFINITION 70 gender is often the first info known influences of name, clothing, toys, and interactions help
Gender Schema Theory
gender typing emerges as children develop schemes of what is gender appropraite who goes to work who cleans the house & cares for kdis TERM 77
Social Awareness
DEFINITION 77 Social consciousness is consciousness shared within a society. always being engaged in interaction helps awareness TERM 78
Sociodramatic Play
DEFINITION 78 enacting scene, playing house creates advanced language and social skills TERM 79
Rough and tumble
play
DEFINITION 79 running around and chasing influenced by dads overlap between genders TERM 80
Self Concept
DEFINITION 80 individual's perception of "self" in relation to any number of characteristics, such as academics (and nonacademics), gender roles and sexuality, racial identity, and many others. "who i am" how they view themselves
pro-social behavior
such as helping, sharing, donating, co- operating, and volunteering. motivated by empathy and by concern about the welfare and rights of others, as well as for egoistic or practical concerns. loving, generosity, parental connection in preschool TERM 82
Anti-social behavior
DEFINITION 82 lacks consideration for others and that may cause damage to society, whether intentionally or through negligence, as opposed to pro-social behaviour, behaviour that helps or benefits society. angry and frustrated negative result too much media makes them aggressive TERM 83
self esteem
DEFINITION 83 how they feel about themselves, how lovable they are TERM 84
Emotion regulation
DEFINITION 84 directing and accepting emotions in appropriate circumstances by watching those around them and emulating them TERM 85
Authoritarian parenting
DEFINITION 85 "do it because i said so"
Concrete Operational Stage
7-11 years major turning point in cognitive development emergence of operations thought is flexible, logical, and organized when applied to concrete info TERM 92
Conservation
DEFINITION 92 children pass conservation tasks decentration: solutions take more than one dimension into account reversibility: able to imagine operations in reverse TERM 93
Decentration
DEFINITION 93 solutions take more than one dimension into account TERM 94
Reversibility
DEFINITION 94 able to imagine operations in reverse TERM 95
Seriation
DEFINITION 95 ordering items along quantitative dimensions can place items in order ( length of sticks)
Classification
understanding hierarchical classes/relations more orange beads than beads concrete says there are more beads TERM 97
limitation of concrete thought
DEFINITION 97 children think inn organized, logical fashion only when dealing with concrete info TERM 98
memory strategies
DEFINITION 98 deliberate mental activities used to increase likelihood of remembering improves with age, especially middle childhood TERM 99
Rehearsal
DEFINITION 99 repeating info consistent and helpful by 7 years TERM 100
Elaboration
DEFINITION 100 deep processing such as thinking of examples or relating to other details rarely appears before 11 years very effective
