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Understanding Human Perception: Vision, Hearing, and Memory, Slides of Human Resource Management

Shoolini University of Biotechnology and Management SciencesHuman Resource Management

An overview of human perception, focusing on vision, hearing, and memory. It discusses the physical and processing aspects of these senses, as well as their impact on our ability to interpret and interact with the world around us. Topics include the stages of vision and hearing, optical illusions, reading, and the different types of memory.

Typology: Slides

2012/2013

Uploaded on 07/26/2013

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chapter 1
the human
the human
• Information i/o …
– visual, auditory, haptic, movement
• Information stored in memory
– sensory, short-term, long-term
• Information processed and applied
– reasoning, problem solving, skill, error
• Emotion influences human capabilities
• Each person is different
Vision
Two stages in vision
• physical reception of stimulus
• processing and interpretation of
stimulus
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Download Understanding Human Perception: Vision, Hearing, and Memory and more Slides Human Resource Management in PDF only on Docsity!

chapter 1

the human

the human

  • Information i/o …
    • visual, auditory, haptic, movement
  • Information stored in memory
    • sensory, short-term, long-term
  • Information processed and applied
    • reasoning, problem solving, skill, error
  • Emotion influences human capabilities
  • Each person is different

Vision

Two stages in vision

  • physical reception of stimulus
  • processing and interpretation of

stimulus

The Eye - physical reception

  • mechanism for receiving light and

transforming it into electrical energy

  • light reflects from objects
  • images are focused upside-down on

retina

  • retina contains rods for low light vision

and cones for colour vision

  • ganglion cells (brain!) detect pattern

and movement

Interpreting the signal

  • Size and depth
    • visual angle indicates how much of view
object occupies

(relates to size and distance from eye)

  • visual acuity is ability to perceive detail (limited)
  • familiar objects perceived as constant size (in spite of changes in visual angle when far away)
  • cues like overlapping help perception of
size and depth

Interpreting the signal (cont)

  • Brightness
    • subjective reaction to levels of light
    • affected by luminance of object
    • measured by just noticeable difference
    • visual acuity increases with luminance as does flicker
  • Colour
    • made up of hue, intensity, saturation
    • cones sensitive to colour wavelengths
    • blue acuity is lowest
    • 8% males and 1% females colour blind

Hearing

  • Provides information about environment: distances, directions, objects etc.
  • Physical apparatus:
    • outer ear – protects inner and amplifies sound
    • middle ear – transmits sound waves as vibrations to inner ear
    • inner ear – chemical transmitters are released and cause impulses in auditory nerve
  • Sound
    • pitch – sound frequency
    • loudness – amplitude
    • timbre – type or quality

Hearing (cont)

  • Humans can hear frequencies from 20Hz to
15kHz
  • less accurate distinguishing high frequencies than low.
  • Auditory system filters sounds
  • can attend to sounds over background noise.
  • for example, the cocktail party phenomenon.

Touch

  • Provides important feedback about environment.
  • May be key sense for someone who is visually impaired.
  • Stimulus received via receptors in the skin:
    • thermoreceptors – heat and cold
    • nociceptors – pain
    • mechanoreceptors – pressure (some instant, some continuous)
  • Some areas more sensitive than others e.g. fingers.
  • Kinethesis - awareness of body position
    • affects comfort and performance.

Movement

  • Time taken to respond to stimulus:
reaction time + movement time
  • Movement time dependent on age, fitness etc.
  • Reaction time - dependent on stimulus type:
    • visual ~ 200ms
    • auditory ~ 150 ms
    • pain ~ 700ms
  • Increasing reaction time decreases accuracy in
the unskilled operator but not in the skilled
operator.

Movement (cont)

  • Fitts' Law describes the time taken to hit a
screen target:
Mt = a + b log 2 (D/S + 1)

where: a and b are empirically determined constants Mt is movement time D is Distance S is Size of target

 targets as large as possible
distances as small as possible

Memory

There are three types of memory function:

Sensory memories

Short-term memory or working memory

Long-term memory

Selection of stimuli governed by level of arousal.