Universal Design and Multi-Sensory Systems: Principles and Applications, Slides of Human Resource Management

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chapter 10

universal design

universal design principles

• NCSW
• equitable use
• flexibility in use
• simple and intuitive to use
• perceptible information
• tolerance for error
• low physical effort
• size and space for approach and use

Usable Senses

The 5 senses (sight, sound, touch, taste and smell) are used by us every day

• – each is important on its owntogether, they provide a fuller interaction with the natural world

Computers rarely offer such a rich interaction Can we use all the available senses?

• ideally, yes
• practically – no We can use • sight • sound • touch (sometimes) We cannot (yet) use • taste • smell

Multi-modal vs. Multi-media

• Multi-modal systems
  • use more than one sense (or mode ) of interaction e.g. visual and aural senses: a text processor may speak thewords as well as echoing them to the screen
• Multi-media systems
  • use a number of different media to communicate information e.g. a computer-based teaching system:may use video,animation, text and still images: different media all using the visual mode of interaction; may also use sounds, both speechand non-speech: two more media, now using a different mode

Structure of Speech

phonemes

• 40 of them
• basic atomic units
• sound slightly different depending on the contextthey are in, these larger units are …

allophones

• all the sounds in the language
• between 120 and 130 of them
• these are formed into …

morphemes

• smallest unit of language that has meaning.

Speech (cont’d)

Other terminology:

• prosody
  • alteration in tone and quality
  • variations in emphasis, stress, pauses and pitch
  • impart more meaning to sentences.
• co-articulation
  • the effect of context on the sound
  • transforms the phonemes into allophones
• syntax – structure of sentences
• semantics – meaning of sentences

The Phonetic Typewriter

• Developed for Finnish (a phonetic language, written as it is said)
• Trained on one speaker, will generalise to others.
• A neural network is trained to cluster together similar sounds, which are then labelled with the correspondingcharacter.
• When recognising speech, the sounds uttered are allocated to the closest corresponding output, and thecharacter for that output is printed. - requires large dictionary of minor variations to correct generalmechanism - noticeably poorer performance on speakers it has not beentrained on

The Phonetic Typewriter (ctd)

a a a a a a

o o o o o l o l u

m

v

h

r

ah æ

p d

s

y i

j

g

ø

tk

vm hj hi u

u

v

v v

v

a m

r r r

h

h

h æ æ r m

p p p p p

d

k

k pt t t

t

ø ø

e

n

e e l g n

j

j

j j j

i i i

s s

y y

h

r k

r h

n n h

Speech Synthesis

The generation of speech Useful

• natural and familiar way of receiving information Problems
• similar to recognition: prosody particularly Additional problems
• intrusive - needs headphones, or creates noise in the workplace
• transient - harder to review and browse