Advanced Clinical Skills
1. Patient Assessment:
Head-to-Toe Assessment:
oInspection: Skin color, symmetry, abnormalities.
oPalpation: Temperature, moisture, turgor.
oAuscultation: Lung, heart, bowel sounds.
oPercussion: Identify organ size, tenderness.
Vital Signs Monitoring:
oTemperature (normal range: 36.5°C–37.5°C)
oHeart Rate (normal: 60–100 bpm)
oBlood Pressure (normal: 120/80 mmHg)
oRespiratory Rate (normal: 12–20 breaths per minute)
Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS):
oEye, verbal, motor response.
oScoring: 3 (deep coma) to 15 (fully awake).
2. Clinical Procedures:
IV Cannulation:
oIndications, contraindications.
oSteps: Sterilize site, insert catheter, secure with dressing.
Wound Care:
oAseptic Technique: Use sterile gloves, clean the wound from the
center outward.
oTypes of dressings: Hydrocolloid, foam, alginate.
Pharmacology
1. Drug Classes:
Antibiotics:
oExample: Penicillins, cephalosporins.
oIndications: Bacterial infections (e.g., UTI, pneumonia).
oSide effects: GI upset, allergic reactions.
