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Assignment Brief 1 (RQF) Higher National Certificate/Diploma in Computing Student Name/ID Number: Nguyễn Nguyên Vũ Unit Number and Title: Unit 2: Networking Academic Year: 2021 – 2022 Unit Assessor: Van Ho Assignment Title: Networking Infrastructure Issue Date: April 1st, 2021 Submission Date: August 15th^ , 2022 Internal Verifier Name: Date: Submission Format: Format: ● The submission is in the form of an individual written report. This should be written in a concise, formal business style using single spacing and font size 12. You are required to make use of headings, paragraphs and subsections as appropriate, and all work must be supported with research and referenced using the Harvard referencing system. Please also provide a bibliography using the Harvard referencing system. Submission ● Students are compulsory to submit the assignment in due date and in a way requested by the Tutor. ● The form of submission will be a soft copy posted on http://cms.greenwich.edu.vn/. ● Remember to convert the word file into PDF file before the submission on CMS. Note: ● The individual Assignment must be your own work, and not copied by or from another student. ● If you use ideas, quotes or data (such as diagrams) from books, journals or other sources, you must reference your sources, using the Harvard style. ● Make sure that you understand and follow the guidelines to avoid plagiarism. Failure to comply
this requirement will result in a failed assignment. Unit Learning Outcomes: LO1 Examine networking principles and their protocols. LO2 Explain networking devices and operations. Assignment Brief and Guidance: Assignment scenario You are employed as a network engineer by Nguyen Networking Limited, a high-tech networking solution development company, which has branches in Ho Chi Minh City, Hanoi, Da Nang and Can Tho. The company has been contracted to implement a networking project from a local educational institute. The specification of the project is given below: People: 200 students, 15 teachers, 12 marketing and administration staff, 5 higher managers including the academic heads and the programme managers, and 3 computer network administrators. Resources: 50 student lab computers, 35 staff computers, and 3 printers. Building: 3 floors, all computers and printers are on the ground floor apart from the IT labs – one lab located on the first floor and another located on the second floor. Task 1 The CEO of the company, Mr. Nguyen, has asked you to investigate and explain networking principles, protocols and devices and submit a report. You will need to produce a report that includes the following: An introduction to provide an overview of your report. Benefits and constraints of different types of networks and networking standards. The impact of network toPOLANogy, speed of communication and bandwidth requirements. Effectiveness of networking systems. Discussion on operating principles of networking devices and server types and networking software. Discuss the relationship of workstation hardware with networking software. Explore a range of server types and justify the selection of a server, considering a given scenario regarding cost and performance optimization. For the given specification, identify the topology protocol for the efficient utilization of a networking system.
M1. Compare common networking principles and how protocols enable the effectiveness
P1. The benefits and constraints of different network types and standards
1. Definition of network A network consists of two or more computers that are linked in order to share resources (such as printers and CDs), exchange files, or allow electronic communications. The computers on a network may be linked through cables, telephone lines, radio waves, satellites, or infrared light beams. (Winkelman, 2022) Figure 1. Network demonstration (BizflyCloud, 2020) 2. Type of network
2.1 LAN ( Local Area Network) (csworlds, 2022)
LAN, or Local Area Network, is a network of many computers or computing devices, such as PCs, printers, and so on, that are connected together in a small geographical area, such as a building, to communicate with one another and share files, resources, and applications.
Figure 2. Local Area Network’s illustration (Heavy.ai, 2022) Benefits of LAN:
- Sharing of resources: The Local Area Network connects all computers and other devices to a single network. If one device requires resources from another, those resources can be shared. Other resources besides computers include the DVD drive, printers, scanners, modems, and hard drives.
- Internet sharing: There is the option in the Local Area Network to use a single internet connection for all devices connected to the LAN. LAN technology is used to provide a single internet connection to all devices in an office, school computer lab, or internet café.
- Data centralization: Data from all network users can be stored on the hard disk of a central / server computer in a LAN. This enables all users to access any required data in the network from any computer.
- Sharing of Applications: A single licensed application can be used by all computers connected to a Local Area Network. It is costly to purchase an application license for each computer; this reduces the cost.
- Communication is simple and quick: Data sharing and communication are much easier and faster in a Local Area Network. Because LANs cover a small geographical area, they allow for faster data sharing and easy access to any file on the network.
- Data security: Because there is no external connectivity to this network, all data stored in the LAN is secure. Constraints of LAN
- Setting up LAN is expensive: It is very expensive to set up a LAN network because it necessitates special software for the server as well as various communication devices such as hubs, switches, routers, and cables. If the network is large, a specialized network administrator may be required to maintain and troubleshoot it.
- Covers small area: LAN is designed for small geographical areas such as school buildings, hospital buildings, or any single building office, but not for larger geographical areas.
- Data Security Threat: If a server hard disk is not properly secured by the LAN administrator, an unauthorized user can access important data from an office or campus.
- Maintenance: A permanent LAN administrator is required for LAN network maintenance. Because there are issues with the Local Area Network, such as software installations, program
Figure 4. WAN’s illustration (Indiamart.com, 2022)
- Sending local emails: On MAN, you can send local emails quickly and for free.
- High speed than WAN: Because MAN employs fiber optics, data speeds can easily exceed 1000 Mbps. Files and databases can be moved quickly.
- Internet distribution: Users can share their internet connection in some MAN installations. As a result, multiple users can share the same high-speed internet connection.
- Conversion from LAN to MAN is easy: MAN is a faster method of connecting two fast LANs. This is because links are configured quickly.
- High level of security: MAN has a higher level of security than WAN. Constraints of MAN
- Difficult to manage: When MAN grows in size, it becomes difficult to manage. This is due to a security issue and additional configuration.
- Internet speed difference: MAN cannot operate on traditional copper phone wires. If MAN is installed on copper wires, the speed will be extremely slow. As a result, the initial installation of fiber optics was costly.
- Hackers attack: MAN networks are more likely to be attacked by hackers than LAN networks. As a result, data may be leaked. Data can be secured, but it requires highly trained personnel and security tools.
- Technical people required to set up: To install MAN, It necessitates the use of technical personnel capable of properly configuring MAN. Network administrators and troubleshooters are among the technical personnel.
- More wires required: Another issue with MAN is that additional cables are required to connect two LANs.
2.3. WAN(Wide Area Network) (Rehman, 2022)
Wide area network (WAN) is a type of network that provides transmission of voice, data, images, and videos over the large geographical area. WAN is made with the combinations of LAN and MAN. The transmission of data is carried out with the help of hubs, switches, fiber optics, modem,
and routers. To transfer data from any computer over the internet we use some technologies including:
- ISDN (Integrated service digital network)
- SMDS (Switched multimegabit data server)
- SONET (Synchronous optical network)
- HDLC (High data link control)
- SDLC (Synchronous data link control)
- Frame relay Benefits of WAN
- Covers large geographical area: Wan has a large geographical area of at least 1000 km2. If your company has offices in different cities or countries, you can connect them via WAN. Leased lines can be provided by an ISP (Internet service provider) to connect different branch offices.
- Data centralization: Your company does not need to purchase email, file, or backup servers because they can all be hosted on the same server. The data can be shared by all office branches via the head office server. The head office can provide backup, support, and other useful data, and all data is synchronized with all other office branches.
- A lot of application to exchange messages: Messages are being transmitted quickly thanks to IOT (Internet of Things) and new LAN technologies. There are numerous web applications available, such as Facebook Messenger, WhatsApp, and Skype, through which you can communicate with friends via text, voice, and video chat.
- Software and resource sharing: Similarly to LAN, we can share software applications and other resources such as a hard drive and RAM with other internet users. We share computer resources among many websites when we host them.
- Global business: Now everyone with computer skills can do business on the internet and expand his business globally. There are many types of business like a shopping cart, sale, and purchase of stocks etc.
- High bandwidth: When you get leased lines for your business, you get more bandwidth than a standard broadband connection. You can get a high data transfer rate, which will boost your company's productivity.
- Distribute workload and decrease travel charges: Another advantage of a wide area network is the ability to distribute your work to different locations. For example, if you have an office in the United States, you can hire people from any country and easily communicate with them via WAN. It also saves you money on travel because you can track your team's activities online. Constraints of WAN
- Security problems: When compared to MAN and LAN, WAN has more security issues. Many technologies are combined in WANs, which can lead to security gaps.
- Needs firewall and antivirus software: Because hackers can access and change data transferred over the internet, a firewall must be enabled on the computer. Because some people can inject viruses into computers, antivirus software must be installed. Other security software must also be installed on various WAN points.
Benefit of POLAN :
- High speed : POLAN uses fiber optics, so data transfers at the speed of light.
- Longer Distance: Data can be transmitted for a longer distance, up to 20 km, without any problems.
- Many connections : There are numerous connections: Each splitter has the capacity to connect up to 64 ONTs (Optical Network Terminal)
- Less Energy: The POLAN splitter can operate with very little or no electricity.
- Lost cost: Passive optical LAN is less expensive and requires less maintenance than active optical LAN.
- Fewer cables needed: The number of cables required in POLAN is reduced.
- Learning curve: Setting up POLAN requires less knowledge.
- Ideal for large organizations: POLAN works well in large organizations such as hospitals and building campuses.
- High downstream and upstream: High downstream and upstream data transfer rates: The downstream data transfer rate can reach up to 10 Gbps, while the upstream data transfer rate can reach up to 1 Gbps.
- High security: POLAN is more secure than traditional networks because it uses fiber optics rather than copper wire.
- Supports telephone: With a single connection, POLAN supports telephone, TV access, video conferencing, and gaming consoles. Constraints of POLAN :
- Individual bandwidth: Because POLAN is typically designed for large-scale organizations rather than individual users. Individual users may experience bandwidth issues.
- Splitter issue: End users must be closer to optical splitters. When the distance between end- users and splitters is great, the data transfer rate may suffer.
- Failure detection: It is difficult to detect a network failure.
- Evolve issue: Because businesses have invested heavily in traditional copper wire networks, it is difficult to transition to POLAN networks.
- The issue at the enterprise level: POLAN is still evolving, and it is currently experiencing problems with enterprise organization.
- Expensive components: POLAN emitters, fiber optic cables, patch codes, and adapters are more expensive than copper wire networks.
- Installation issues: Setting up POLAN requires a skilled individual, and a regular user cannot do so.
- Transfer issue: There is a distinction between downstream and upstream data transfer. The downstream is greater than the upstream.
2.5. PAN( Personal Area Network)(Rehman, 2022)
Personal area network (PAN) is an interconnection between different devices like smartphone, tablet, computer and other digital devices. PAN is used for a personal purpose like data sharing among devices and it has a range of 10 meters. Some type of personal area networks is wired like USB while others are wireless like Bluetooth. Wireless personal area network is also known as WPAN. Benefits of PAN
- No extra space requires : Personal area network does not require extra wire or space. For connecting two devices you only need to enable Bluetooth in both devices to start sharing data among them. For example, connecting wireless keyboard and mouse with the tablet through Bluetooth.
- Connect to many devices at a time: In a personal area network, multiple devices can be connected to one device at the same time. To share files, you can connect one phone to several other phones or tablets.
- Cost effective: This network does not require any additional wires. Furthermore, because there are no additional data charges, PAN is a low-cost mode of communication.
- Easy to use: It is simple to use. There is no need for advanced configuration.
- Reliable: Your network is stable and reliable if you use this type of data connection within 10 meters.
- Secure: This network is secure because all devices must be authorized before sharing data. PAN does not allow third-party injection or data hacking.
- Used in office, conference, and meetings: Infrared technology is used in TV remote controls, AC remote controls, and other devices. Bluetooth, infrared, and other types of PAN are used in offices, meetings, and conferences to connect digital devices.
- Synchronize data between different devices: A single person can synchronize multiple devices by downloading, uploading, and exchanging data between them.
- Portable: Because it is a wireless network, devices can be moved and data exchange is unaffected. That means PAN is also portable. Constraints of PAN
- Less distance range: The maximum signal range is 10 meters, limiting long-distance sharing.
- Interfere with radio signals: Because personal area networks use infrared, they can interfere with radio signals and cause data to be lost.
- Slow data transfer: Bluetooth and infrared networks transfer data at a slower rate than other types of networks such as LAN (local area network).
- Health problem: In some cases, PAN uses microwave signals in some digital devices, which can have a negative impact on the human body, such as brain and heart problems.
- Costly in terms of communication devices: Another disadvantage of PAN is that it is used in digital devices that are expensive. Smartphones, PDAs, laptop computers, and digital cameras are some examples.
as ISO, IEEE, ANSI, and others. There are two types of network protocol standards, which are as follows.
- De Facto Standard De Facto is defined as "By Fact or By Convention" in De Facto Standard. These standards were not accepted by any organization, but they were adopted due to their widespread use. Manufacturers are frequently responsible for establishing these. Multinational corporations, such as Google and Apple, have established their own product policies. They use network protocol standards in the production of their products. - De Jure Standard The definition of "De Jure" in De Jure Standard is "By Regulations or By Law." These standards have been approved by reputable organizations such as ISO, ANSI, IEEE, and others. If it is necessary, these standards must be followed. For example, all standard data communication protocols such as UDP, SMTP, TCP, IP, and so on must be followed and used when necessary. Some international standards organizations : (jagroopofficial, 2022)
- International Standard Organization (ISO) : ISO is an abbreviation for the International Organization for Standardization. It develops a set of rules and standards for graphics, document exchange, and data communication, among other things.
- Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering (IEEE): It is a professional organization of electronic, computer, and communication engineers based in the United States. It provides a variety of rules and standards in the field of communication and networking.
- Consultative Committee for International Telephony and Telegraphy (CCITT) : The CCITT has become the standard organization in the United States. The recommended set of rules and standards for telephone and telegraph communication developed by the CCITT. It has created three sets of specifications: The V Series is designed for modern interfacing. The X series is used for data communication. The Q series is an acronym for Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN).
- American National Standard Institute (ANSI) : ANSI is the primary organization in the United States for fostering the development of technology standards and providing various sets of rules and standards for Data Communication.
- Electronic Industries Association(EIA): This organization develops and promotes industrial standards. The EIA has created the RS (Recommended Standards) series of data and telecommunications standards.
Figure 7 .Physical topology (Conceptdraw.com, 2022) P2. The impact of network topology, communication and bandwidth requirements
1. Network Topology 1.1. Definition Network topology refers to the configuration of a network that includes nodes and connecting lines via sender and receiver. (GeeksforGeeks, 2022) 1.2. Physical Topology Physical topology denotes the arrangement of various network elements. It depicts the physical layout of devices and cables that connect to form a network. It is concerned with network fundamentals while ignoring minute details such as data transfer and device type. The pattern of arrangement of nodes (computers) and network cables is determined by the network's ease of installation and setup. It has an impact on cost and bandwidth capacity depending on the device solution. It considers node placement as well as distance between them. (yashchuahan,
1.3. Logical Topology (yashchuahan, 2020) The arrangement of devices and their communication is reflected in logical topology. It refers to data transmission over physical topology.
