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Thyroid Physiology Study Guide and Practice Questions with Answers, Study Guides, Projects, Research of Physiology

Virginia State University (VSU)Physiology

Thyroid Physiology Study Guide and Practice Questions with Answers

Typology: Study Guides, Projects, Research

2024/2025

Available from 11/28/2024

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Thyroid Physiology Study Guide and Practice Questions
with Answers
1.What are the hormones involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid
(HPT) axis?: Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH)
Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone
(TSH) Thyroid hormones
(T3/T4)
2.What is T3: Triiodothyronine
3.What is T4: Thyroxine
4.
What is the function of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) and where
is it produced?: function: signals anterior pituitary to release Thyroid-
stimulating hormone (TSH)
produced in the hypothalamus
5.What is the function of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and where is
it produced?: Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones T3
and T4
produced in anterior pituitary
6.What is the function of Thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T4
(Thyroxine) and where is it produced?: Functions: regulate metabolism,
CNS development, cardiovascular effects, growth
T3: most active form used by cells; T4 is converted to T3 by deiodinase
enzymes T4: primary form released from the thyroid gland
produced in the thyroid gland
7.How does thyroid hormone regulate metabolism?: Thyroid hormone
acts by causing transcription (and
subsequent translation) of target genes
protein products then regulate metabolism
8.How is T4 converted to T3?: 5'-iodinase
9.How does thyroid hormones affect growth?:
growth bone maturation
works with growth hormone (and steroid hormones of puberty)
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Thyroid Physiology Study Guide and Practice Questions

with Answers

  1. What are the hormones involved in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) axis?: Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) Thyroid hormones (T3/T4)
  2. What is T3: Triiodothyronine
  3. What is T4: Thyroxine
  4. What is the function of Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) and where is it produced?: function: signals anterior pituitary to release Thyroid- stimulating hormone (TSH) produced in the hypothalamus
  5. What is the function of Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone (TSH) and where is it produced?: Stimulates thyroid gland to release thyroid hormones T and T produced in anterior pituitary
  6. What is the function of Thyroid hormones T3 (triiodothyronine) and T (Thyroxine) and where is it produced?: Functions: regulate metabolism, CNS development, cardiovascular effects, growth T3: most active form used by cells; T4 is converted to T3 by deiodinase enzymes T4: primary form released from the thyroid gland produced in the thyroid gland
  7. How does thyroid hormone regulate metabolism?: Thyroid hormone acts by causing transcription (and subsequent translation) of target genes protein products then regulate metabolism
  8. How is T4 converted to T3?: 5'-iodinase
  9. How does thyroid hormones affect growth?: growth bone maturation works with growth hormone (and steroid hormones of puberty)
  1. How does thyroid hormones affect the nervous system?: Maturation of CNS *if born with congenital hypothyroidism, the lack of thyroid hormone would cause development problem in the CNS.
  2. What is congenital hypothyroidism?: lack of thyroid hormone leads to CNS developmental problems
  3. How does thyroid hormones affect BMR?: increase Na+/K+ ATPase (Sec- ondary active transport of substances needed for increased metabolic rate) increase O2 consumption (due to increased rate of aerobic cellular respiration) increase Heat production increase BMR 13. glucose absorption, glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, lipolysis are all....- : substrates for aerobic cellular respiration and the production of ATP
  4. How does thyroid hormones affect metabolism?: increase glucose absorp- tion increase glycogenolysis increase gluconeogenesis increase lipolysis increase protein synthesis and degradation (net catabolic)
  5. Thyroid follicles are: follicular epithelial cells that has a lumen called a colloid which contains thyroid hormones attached to thyroglobulin (TG)
  6. How does thyroid hormones affect cardiovascular system?: increase car- diac output up-regulation of B1-adrenergic receptors
  7. Hyperthyroidism: Increased BMR, heat intolerance, weight loss, anxiety, and increased CO
  8. Hypothyroidism: Decreased BMR, weight gain, cold intolerance, fatigue, and reduced CO
  9. Where is thyroid hormone synthesized?: Thyroid gland
  10. Thyroid hormone synthesis steps 1-8: 1. Synthesis of Thyroglobulin (TG); extrusion into follicular lumen 2.Iodide from the diet goes into Na+/I- cotransporter 3.Oxidation of I- to I2 by thyroid peroxidase (TPO) 4.IT to MIT and DIT by TPO
  1. Thyroid Hormone Release Summary: TRH from hypothalamus-->TRH reach- es AP-->AP releases TSH-->TSH travels systemic circulation to thyroid--> thyroid releases T4 and T3 (thyroid hormones)--> thyroid hormone regulates metabolism via transcription and translation of metabolic regulators
  2. Once thyroid hormone is made and released, it is bound to:: Thyroid- binding globulin (sometimes called thyroxine-binding globulin)- TBG Albumin
  3. "Free" thyroid hormone is , but thyroid hormone bound to TBG serves as a : biologically active, reservoir
  4. What would an increase in TBG do to release of thyroid hormone?: increase TRH??
  5. Pathway for the release of thyroid hormones?: Hypothalamus TRH released A.P. TSH released Thyroid T4 and T released Effectors
  6. Thyroid hormone stimulatory factors: Increase Thyrotropin releasing-hor- mone Increase Thyroid stimulating hormone Increase thyroid-binding globulin levels (i.e. during pregnancy) Feeling cold
  7. Thyroid hormone Inhibitory factors: Decrease Thyrotropin releasing-hor- mone Decrease Thyroid stimulating hormone Decrease thyroid-binding globulin levels (i.e. hepatic failure) Iodine deficiency
  8. Primary pathologies:: Problems with the final gland in the pathway (Thyroid gland) like hyperthyroidism/hypothyroidism 32. Primary hypersecretion due to problems with the thyroid causes what?: - TRH levels - low TSH levels - low T3 and T4 levels - high
  1. Secondary pathologies: problems with the anterior pituitary (inadequate or excessive TSH)
  2. Secondary hypersecretion due to problem with anterior pituitary causes what?: TRH - low

deficiency?- : Both T3 and T4 will decrease, causes goiter

  1. In iodine deficiency, where is the decrease of T3 and T4 detected?: Hypo- thalamus and Anterior Pituitary without T3 and T4, no stop signal is sent to the hypothalamus or anterior pituitary
  2. Would TSH levels be high or low in iodine deficiency?: HIGH
  3. What are the effects of hyperthyroidism on BMR and temperature toler- ance?: Increased BMR and heat intolerance
  4. What are the effects of hypothyroidism on BMR and temperature toler- ance?: Decreased BMR and cold intolerance
  5. What is calcitonin made in?: C cells or parafollicular cells of the thyroid
  6. Calcitonin is stimulated by what?: Increased plasma Ca2+
  7. Calcitonin is inhibited by what?: Decreased plasma Ca2+ 52. Someone who lack the enzyme 5' deiodonase would have trouble doing which of the following? A. Converting iodide to iodine for the production of thyroid hormones B. Converting active thyroid hormone into triiodothyronine within the cell C. Converting thyroxine into triiodothyronine within the cell D. Oxidizing iodine to produce iodide in the plasma: c 53. Increased metabolism induced by thyroid hormone would require which of the following? A. Increased glycogenesis B. Decreased glycogenolysis C. Decreased lipolysis D. Increased glycogenolysis: D 54. Which of the following is true for Grave's disease? A. Antibodies mimicking TSH cause hypersecretion of thyroid hormones B. Antibodies mimicking TRH cause hypersecretion of thyroid hormones C. Antibodies mimicking thyroid peroxidase increase the production of thyroid hormones D. Antibodies mimicking TRH cause hypersecretion of TSH from the anterior pituitary?: A 55. A patient has anxiety, heat intolerance and increased sweating, tachycar- dia, a slight bulge to the eyes and hints of goiter development. You ask for a battery of thyroid tests to be performed. Result show increased thyroid hor- mone levels (above normal) and decreased TSH (below normal)

A. Secondary hyperthyroidism B. Primary hyperthyroidism C. Tertiary hypothyroidism D. Tertiary hyperthyroidism: B

56. Release of thyroid hormone will do which of the following? A. Increase the number of cholinergic receptors in the heart B. Increase the number of Na+/I- symporters in the membranes of all cells C. Increase the number of ²1adrenergic receptors in the SA Node and contrac- tile cells of the heart D. Decrease the number of Na+/K+ ATPases in the liver cells only: C