Docsity
Docsity
Prepare for your exams
Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Earn points to download
Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Guidelines and tips
Guidelines and tips
Sell on Docsity
Sell on Docsity
Docsity AI
Docsity AI
Log inSign up

Prepare for your exams

Study with the several resources on Docsity

Find documents

Prepare for your exams with the study notes shared by other students like you on Docsity

Search for your university

Find the specific documents for your university's exams

Docsity AINEW

Summarize your documents, ask them questions, convert them into quizzes and concept maps

Explore questions

Clear up your doubts by reading the answers to questions asked by your fellow students

Earn points to download

Earn points by helping other students or get them with a premium plan

Share documents
download point icon20 Points

For each uploaded document

Answer questions
download point icon5 Points

For each given answer (max 1 per day)

All the ways to get free points
Get points immediately

Choose a premium plan with all the points you need

Study Opportunities

Choose your next study program

Get in touch with the best universities in the world. Search through thousands of universities and official partners

Community

Ask the community

Ask the community for help and clear up your study doubts

Free resources

Our save-the-student-ebooks!

Download our free guides on studying techniques, anxiety management strategies, and thesis advice from Docsity tutors

UNIT 12: ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY, Study notes of Abnormal Psychology

Rice UniversityAbnormal Psychology

PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS. OBJECTIVE 1: Identify the criteria for judging whether behavior is psychologically disordered.

Typology: Study notes

2022/2023

Uploaded on 03/01/2023

anjushri
anjushri 🇺🇸

4.8

(14)

243 documents

1 / 6

Toggle sidebar

This page cannot be seen from the preview

Don't miss anything!

bg1
PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS
OBJECTIVE 1: Identify the criteria for judging whether
behavior is psychologically disordered.
1. Psychological disorders are persistently harmful
______________________, ______________________,
and ______________________.
2. Psychiatrists and psychologists label behavior disordered
when it is ______________________,
______________________, and
______________________.
3. This definition emphasizes that standards of
acceptability for behavior are ______________________
(constant/variable).
4. ADHD, or ______________________-
______________________ _____________________
______________________ plagues children who display
one or more of three key symptoms:
______________________, ______________________,
and ______________________.
5. ADHD is diagnosed more often in
______________________ (boys/girls). In the past two
decades, the proportion of American children being
treated for this disorder ______________________
(increased/decreased) dramatically. Experts
______________________ (agree/do not agree) that
ADHD is a real neurobiological disorder.
6. ADHD ______________________ (is/is not) heritable, and
it ______________________ (is/is not) caused by eating
too much sugar or poor schools. ADHD is often
accompanied by a ______________________ disorder or
with behavior that is ______________________ or
temper-prone.
OBJECTIVE 2: Contrast the medical model of psychological
disorders with the biopsychosocial approach to disordered
behavior.
7. The view that psychological disorders are sicknesses is
the basis of the ______________________ model.
According to this view, psychological disorders are
viewed as mental ______________________, or
______________________, diagnosed on the basis of
______________________ and cured through
______________________.
8. One of the first reformers to advocate this position and
call for providing more humane living conditions for the
mentally ill was ______________________.
9. Today’s psychologists recognize that all behavior arises
from the interaction of ______________________ and
______________________. To presume that a person is
“mentally ill” attributes the condition solely to an
______________________ problem.
10. Major psychological disorders such as
______________________ and ______________________
are universal; others, such as ______________________
______________________ and ______________________
are culture-bound. These culture-bound disorders may
share an underlying ______________________, such as
______________________, yet differ in their
______________________.
11. Most mental health workers today take a
______________________ approach, whereby they
assume that disorders are influenced by
______________________ ______________________ and
______________________ ______________________,
inner ______________________
______________________, and ______________________
and ______________________ circumstances.
OBJECTIVE 3: Describe the goals and content of the
DSM-IV.
12. The most widely used system for classifying
psychological disorders is the American Psychiatric
Association manual, commonly known by its
abbreviation, ______________________. This manual
defines a ______________________ process and
______________________ (how many?) clinical
syndromes.
13. Independent diagnoses made with the current manual
generally ______________________ (show/do not show)
agreement.
14. One criticism of the DSM-IV is that as the number of
disorder categories has ______________________
(increased/decreased), the number of adults who meet
the criteria for at least one psychiatric ailment has
______________________ (increased/decreased).
OBJECTIVE 4: Discuss the potential dangers and benefits of
using diagnostic labels.
15. Studies have shown that labeling has
______________________ (little/a significant) effect on
our interpretation of individuals and their behavior.
Outline the pros and cons of labeling psychological
disorders.
UNIT 12: ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY
pf3
pf4
pf5

Partial preview of the text

Download UNIT 12: ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY and more Study notes Abnormal Psychology in PDF only on Docsity!

PERSPECTIVES ON PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS

OBJECTIVE 1: Identify the criteria for judging whether behavior is psychologically disordered.

  1. Psychological disorders are persistently harmful ______________________, ______________________, and ______________________.
  2. Psychiatrists and psychologists label behavior disordered when it is ______________________, ______________________, and ______________________.
  3. This definition emphasizes that standards of acceptability for behavior are ______________________ (constant/variable).
  4. ADHD, or ______________________-
    ______________________ plagues children who display one or more of three key symptoms: ______________________, ______________________, and ______________________.
  5. ADHD is diagnosed more often in ______________________ (boys/girls). In the past two decades, the proportion of American children being treated for this disorder ______________________ (increased/decreased) dramatically. Experts ______________________ (agree/do not agree) that ADHD is a real neurobiological disorder.
  6. ADHD ______________________ (is/is not) heritable, and it ______________________ (is/is not) caused by eating too much sugar or poor schools. ADHD is often accompanied by a ______________________ disorder or with behavior that is ______________________ or temper-prone. OBJECTIVE 2: Contrast the medical model of psychological disorders with the biopsychosocial approach to disordered behavior.
  7. The view that psychological disorders are sicknesses is the basis of the ______________________ model. According to this view, psychological disorders are viewed as mental ______________________, or ______________________, diagnosed on the basis of ______________________ and cured through ______________________.
  8. One of the first reformers to advocate this position and call for providing more humane living conditions for the mentally ill was ______________________.
  9. Today’s psychologists recognize that all behavior arises from the interaction of ______________________ and ______________________. To presume that a person is “mentally ill” attributes the condition solely to an ______________________ problem. 10. Major psychological disorders such as ______________________ and ______________________ are universal; others, such as ______________________ ______________________ and ______________________ are culture-bound. These culture-bound disorders may share an underlying ______________________, such as ______________________, yet differ in their ______________________. 11. Most mental health workers today take a ______________________ approach, whereby they assume that disorders are influenced by ______________________ ______________________ and ______________________ ______________________, inner ______________________ ______________________, and ______________________ and ______________________ circumstances. OBJECTIVE 3: Describe the goals and content of the DSM-IV. 12. The most widely used system for classifying psychological disorders is the American Psychiatric Association manual, commonly known by its abbreviation, ______________________. This manual defines a ______________________ process and ______________________ (how many?) clinical syndromes. 13. Independent diagnoses made with the current manual generally ______________________ (show/do not show) agreement. 14. One criticism of the DSM-IV is that as the number of disorder categories has ______________________ (increased/decreased), the number of adults who meet the criteria for at least one psychiatric ailment has ______________________ (increased/decreased). OBJECTIVE 4: Discuss the potential dangers and benefits of using diagnostic labels. 15. Studies have shown that labeling has ______________________ (little/a significant) effect on our interpretation of individuals and their behavior. Outline the pros and cons of labeling psychological disorders.

UNIT 12 : ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

ANXIETY DISORDERS

OBJECTIVE 5: Define anxiety disorders , and explain how these conditions differ from normal feelings of stress, tension, or uneasiness.

  1. Anxiety disorders are psychological disorders characterized by ______________________ ____________________________________________. The key to differentiating anxiety disorders from normal anxiety is in the ______________________ and the ______________________ of the anxiety.
  2. Four anxiety disorders discussed in the textbook are
    ______________________, ______________________ ______________________, ______________________, and ______________________-______________________ ______________________. OBJECTIVE 6: Contrast the symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder.
  3. When a person is continually tense, apprehensive and physiologically aroused for no apparent reason, he or she is diagnosed as suffering from a
    disorder. In Freud’s term, the anxiety is ______________________-______________________.
  4. In generalized anxiety disorder, the body reacts physiologically with the arousal of the ______________________ nervous system. In some instances, anxiety may intensify dramatically and unpredictably be accompanied by chest pain or choking, for example; people with these symptoms are said to have ______________________ ______________________. This anxiety may escalate into a minutes-long episode of intense fear, or a ______________________ ______________________.
  5. People who fear situations in which escape or help might not be possible when panic strikes suffer from ______________________. OBJECTIVE 7: Explain how a phobia differs from the fears we all experience.
  6. When a person has an irrational fear of a specific object, activity, or situation, the diagnosis is a ______________________. Although in many situations, the person can live with the problem, some ______________________ ______________________, such as a fear of thunderstorms, are incapacitating.
  7. When a person has an intense fear of being scrutinized by others, the diagnosis is a ______________________ ______________________. OBJECTIVE 8: Describe the symptoms of obsessive- compulsive disorder. 8. When a person cannot control repetitive thoughts and actions, an ______________________- ______________________ disorder is diagnosed. 9. Older people are ______________________ (more/less) likely than teens and young adults to suffer from this disorder. OBJECTIVE 9: Describe the symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder, and discuss survivor resiliency. 10. Traumatic stress, such as that associated with witnessing atrocities or combat, can produce ______________________-______________________ ______________________ disorder. The symptoms of this disorder include ______________________ ______________________, ______________________, ______________________ ______________________, ______________________ ______________________, and ______________________. Despite such symptoms, some psychologists believe this disorder is ______________________. 11. Researchers who believe this disorder may be overdiagnosed point to the ______________________ ______________________ of most people who suffer trauma. Also, suffering can lead to ______________________-______________________ ______________________, in which people experience an increased appreciation for life. OBJECTIVE 10: Discuss the contributions of the learning and biological perspectives to our understanding of the development of anxiety disorders. 12. Freud assumed that anxiety disorders are symptoms of submerged mental energy that derives from intolerable impulses that were ______________________ during childhood. 13. Learning theorists, drawing on research in which rats are given unpredictable shocks, link general anxiety with ______________________ conditioning of ______________________. 14. Some fears arise from ______________________ ______________________, such as when a person who fears heights after a fall also comes to fear airplanes. 15. Phobias and compulsive behaviors reduce anxiety and thereby are ______________________. Through ______________________ learning, someone might also learn fear by seeing others display their own fears. 16. Humans probably ______________________ (are/are not) biologically prepared to develop certain fears. Compulsive acts typically are exaggerations of behaviors that contributed to our species’ ______________________. 17. The anxiety response probably ______________________ (is/is not) genetically influenced.

State the psychoanalytic explanation of depression. OBJECTIVE 14: Summarize the contributions of the biological perspective to the study of depression, and discuss the link between suicide and depression.

  1. Mood disorders ______________________ (tend/do not tend) to run in families. Studies of ______________________ also reveal that genetic influences on mood disorders are ______________________ (weak/strong).
  2. To determine which genes are involved in depression, researchers use ______________________ ______________________, in which they examine the ______________________ of both affected and unaffected family members. Using ______________________ studies, they also search for correlations between DNA variation and population traits.
  3. Depression may also be caused by ______________________ (high/low) levels of two neurotransmitters, ______________________ and ______________________.
  4. Drugs that alleviate mania reduce ______________________; drugs that relieve depression increase ______________________ or ______________________ supplies by blocking either their ______________________ or their chemical ______________________.
  5. People with depression also have lower levels in their diet of the ______________________ fatty acid. Countries such as ______________________, where people consume more ______________________ that are rich in this fatty acid, tend to have ______________________ (high/low) rates of depression.
  6. The brains of depressed people tend to be ______________________ (more/less) active, especially in the area of the ______________________ ______________________ lobe. In severely depressed patients, this brain area may also be ______________________ (smaller/larger) in size. The brain’s ______________________, which is important in processing ______________________, is vulnerable to stress-related damage. Anti-depressant drugs that boost ______________________ may promote recovery by stimulating neurons in this area of the brain. OBJECTIVE 15: Summarize the contributions of the social- cognitive perspective to the study of depression, and describe the events in the cycle of depression.
  7. According to the social-cognitive perspective, depression may be linked with ______________________- ______________________ beliefs and a

style.

  1. Such beliefs may arise from ______________________ ______________________, the feeling that can arise when the individual repeatedly experiences uncontrollable, painful events.
  2. Gender differences in ______________________ ______________________ help explain why women have been twice as vulnerable to depression. Describe how depressed people differ from others in their explanations of failure and how such explanations tend to feed depression.
  3. Research studies suggest that depressing thoughts usually ______________________ (precede/follow/coincide with) a depressed mood.
  4. Depression-prone people respond to bad events in an especially ______________________, ______________________ way.
  5. According to Susan Nolen-Hoeksema, when trouble strikes, men tend to ______________________ and women tend to ______________________.
  6. Being withdrawn, self-focused, and complaining tends to elicit social ______________________ (empathy/rejection). Outline the vicious cycle of depression. SCHIZOPHRENIA OBJECTIVE 16: Describe the symptoms of schizophrenia, and differentiate delusions and hallucinations.
  7. Schizophrenia, or “split mind,” refers not to a split personality, but rather to a split from ______________________.
  1. Three manifestations of schizophrenia are disorganized ______________________, disturbed ______________________, and inappropriate ______________________ and ______________________.
  2. The distorted, false beliefs of schizophrenia patients are called ______________________.
  3. Many psychologists attribute the disorganized thinking of schizophrenia to a breakdown in the capacity for ______________________ ______________________.
  4. The disturbed perceptions of people suffering from schizophrenia may take the form of ______________________, which usually are ______________________ (visual/auditory).
  5. Some victims of schizophrenia lapse into a zombielike state of apparent apathy, or ______________________ ______________________; others, who exhibit ______________________, may remain motionless for hours and then become agitated. OBJECTIVE 17: Distinguish the five subtypes of schizophrenia, and contrast chronic and acute schizophrenia.
  6. The term schizophrenia describes a ______________________ (single disorder/cluster of disorders).
  7. Positive symptoms of schizophrenia include
    ____________________________________________. Negative symptoms include
    ____________________________________________.
  8. When schizophrenia develops slowly (called ______________________ schizophrenia) recovery is ______________________ (more/less) likely than when it develops rapidly in reaction to particular life stresses (called ______________________ schizophrenia). OBJECTIVE 18: Outline some abnormal brain chemistry, functions, and structures associated with schizophrenia, and discuss the possible link between prenatal viral infections and schizophrenia.
  9. The brain tissue of schizophrenia patients has been found to have an excess of receptors for the neurotransmitter ______________________. Drugs that block these receptors have been found to ______________________ (increase/decrease) schizophrenia symptoms. Drugs that interfere with receptors for the neurotransmitter ______________________ can produce negative symptoms of schizophrenia.
  10. Brain scans have shown that many people suffering from schizophrenia have abnormally ______________________ (high/low) brain activity in the ______________________ lobes.
  11. Enlarged, ______________________-filled areas and a corresponding ______________________ of cerebral tissue is also characteristic of schizophrenia. Schizophrenia patients also have a smaller-than-normal ______________________, which may account for their difficulty in filtering ______________________ ______________________ and focusing ______________________.
  12. Some scientists contend that the brain abnormalities of schizophrenia may be caused by a prenatal problem, such as ______________________ ______________________ ______________________, birth complications such as ______________________ ______________________, or a ______________________ ______________________ contracted by the mother. OBJECTIVE 19: Discuss the evidence for a genetic contribution to the development of schizophrenia.
  13. Twin and adoptive studies ______________________ (support/do not support) the contention that heredity plays a role in schizophrenia.
  14. The role of prenatal environment in schizophrenia is demonstrated by the fact that identical twins who share the same ______________________, and are therefore more likely to experience the same prenatal ______________________, are more likely to share the disorder.
  15. Adoption studies ______________________ (confirm/do not confirm) a genetic link in the development of schizophrenia. OBJECTIVE 20: Describe some psychological factors that may be early warning signs of schizophrenia in children.
  16. It appears that for schizophrenia to develop there must be both a ______________________ predisposition and some ______________________ trigger. List some of the warning signs of schizophrenia in high- risk children. PERSONALITY DISORDERS OBJECTIVE 21: Contrast the three clusters of personality disorders, and describe the behaviors and brain activity associated with the antisocial personality disorder.
  17. Personality disorders exist when an individual has character traits that are enduring and impair ______________________ ______________________.
  18. A fearful sensitivity to rejection may predispose the ______________________ personality disorder. Eccentric behaviors, such as emotionless disengagement, are characteristic of the ______________________ personality disorder. A person with