USMLE Grind Step 1 Exam Questions and Definitions, Exams of Nursing

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often precedes squamous cell carcinoma - Answer: actinic keratosis primary adrenocortical deficiency - Answer: Addison's disease polyostotic fibrous dysplasia, precocious puberty, cafe-au-lait spots, short stature, young girls - diagnosis? - Answer: Albright's syndrome hereditary nephritis with nerve deafness - Answer: Alport's syndrome anti-basement membrane antibodies - diagnosis? - Answer: Goodpasture's syndrome anticentromere antibodies - diagnosis? - Answer: scleroderma (CREST) anti-double-stranded DNA antibodies (ANA antibodies) - diagnosis?

• what hypersensitivity type? - Answer: SLE - type III hypersensitivity anti-epithelial cell antibodies - diagnosis? - Answer: pemphigus vulgaris antigliadin antibodies - diagnosis? - Answer: celiac disease antihistone antibodies - diagnosis? - Answer: drug-induced SLE anti-IgG antibodies - diagnosis? - Answer: rheumatoid arthritis antimitochondrial antibodies - diagnosis? - Answer: primary biliary cirrhosis antineutrophil antibodies - diagnosis? - Answer: vasculitis antiplatelet antibodies - diagnosis? - Answer: idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura

Bernard-Soulier disease - what is the defect? - Answer: defect in platelet adhesion bilateral hilar adenopathy, uveitis - diagnosis? - Answer: sarcoidosis Birbeck granules on EM - diagnosis? - Answer: histiocytosis X (eosinophilic granuloma) bloody tap on LP - diagnosis? - Answer: subarachnoid hemorrhage "Blue bloater" - Answer: chronic bronchitis blue-domed cysts - diagnosis? - Answer: fibrocystic change of the breast blue sclera - diagnosis? - Answer: osteogenesis imperfecta boot-shaped heart on x-ray - possible diagnoses? - Answer: tetralogy of Fallot or RVH Bouchard's nodes - diagnosis?

• where are they located?
• why do they occur? - Answer: osteoarthritis - on PIP secondary to osteophytes boutonniere deformity - diagnosis? - Answer: rheumatoid arthritis branching rods in oral infection - diagnosis? - Answer: Actinomyces israelii "Brown tumor" of bone - possible diagnoses?
• what causes the brown color? - Answer: hyperparathyroidism or osteitis fibrosa cystica (von Recklinghausen's disease)
• color is due to hemorrhage in cysts X-linked agammaglobulinemia - Answer: Bruton's disease

posthepatic venous thrombosis - diagnosis? - Answer: Budd-Chiari syndrome Buerger's disease - what size arteries does it affect? - Answer: small or medium- artery vasculitis Burkitt's lymphoma - what is the translocation?

• what virus is it associated with?
• appearance on histology? - Answer: 8 :14 translocation EBV starry sky appearance Burton's lines - diagnosis? - Answer: lead poisoning what types of ANCA are associated with Wegener's granulomatosis and microscopic polyangiitis? - Answer: Wegener's - c-ANCA MPA - p-ANCA cafe-au-lait spots on skin - diagnosis? - Answer: neurofibromatosis calf pseudohypertrophy - diagnosis? - Answer: Duchenne's muscular dystrophy Call-Exner bodies - diagnosis? - Answer: granulosa-theca cell tumor of the ovary cardiomegaly with apical atrophy - diagnosis? - Answer: Chagas' disease trypanosome infection - diagnosis? - Answer: Chagas' disease painless chancre - diagnosis? - Answer: primary syphilis painful chancroid - cause? - Answer: Haemophilus ducreyi

cold intolerance - sign of what? - Answer: hypothyroidism condylomata lata - diagnosis? - Answer: secondary syphilis continuous machinery murmur - indicates what? - Answer: patent ductus arteriosus what is the defect in Cori's disease? - Answer: debranching enzyme deficiency cough, conjunctivitis, coryza, fever - diagnosis? - Answer: measles Councilman bodies - diagnosis? - Answer: toxic or viral hepatitis Cowdry type A bodies - caused by what? - Answer: herpesvirus crescents in Bowman's capsule - diagnosis? - Answer: rapidly progressive crescentic glomerulonephritis what is Crigler-Najjar syndrome? - Answer: congenital unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia - due to absent UDP glucuronyl transferase acute gastric ulcer associated with severe burns - Answer: Curling's ulcer currant-jelly sputum - diagnosis? - Answer: Klebsiella Curschmann's spirals - diagnosis?

• what are they? - Answer: bronchial asthma - whorled mucous plugs acute gastric ulcer associated with CNS injury - Answer: Cushing's ulcer D-dimers - diagnosis? - Answer: DIC depigmentation of neurons in substantia nigra - diagnosis?

• where is the defect?
• symptoms? - Answer: Parkinson's disease - basal ganglia disorder
• rigidity, resting tremor, bradykinesia dermatitis, dementia, diarrhea - diagnosis? - Answer: pellagra (niacin/vitamin B deficiency) dog or cat bite - infected with? - Answer: Pasteurella multocida what is Dressler's syndrome? - Answer: post-MI fibrinous pericarditis what is Dubin-Johnson syndrome?
• what is the defect?
• what is the pathologic consequence? - Answer: congenital conjugated hyperbilirubinemia - due to defective liver excretion of conjugated bilirubin, causing black liver what is the defect in Duchenne's muscular dystrophy?
• what is the inheritance pattern? - Answer: deleted dystrophin gene - X-linked recessive eburnation - diagnosis? - Answer: osteoarthritis trisomy 18 associated with rocker-bottom feet, low-set ears, heart disease - Answer: Edwards' syndrome what is Eisenmenger's complex? - Answer: late cyanosis shunt (reversal of an uncorrected L-R shunt to an R-L shunt) elastic skin - diagnosis? - Answer: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome where and what is Erb-Duchenne palsy? - Answer: superior trunk injury to brachial plexus (C5-6) - "waiter's tip"

Gowers' maneuver - diagnosis?

• what is the maneuver? - Answer: Duchenne's - use of patient's arms to help legs pick self off floor idiopathic peripheral polyneuritis - diagnosis? - Answer: Guillain-Barre syndrome "hair on end" (crew cut) appearance on x-ray - possible diagnoses?
• why does this happen? - Answer: beta-thalassemia or sickle cell anemia - due to extramedullary hematopoiesis what is Hand-Schuller-Christian disease? - Answer: chronic progressive histiocytosis (Langerhans cell histiocytosis) lots of HbF - diagnosis? - Answer: thalassemia major HbS - diagnosis? - Answer: sickle cell anemia conditions in which hCG is elevated - Answer: choriocarcinoma, hydatidiform mole Heberden's nodes - diagnosis?
• where are they located?
• why do they occur? - Answer: osteoarthritis - DIP swelling secondary to osteophytes Heinz bodies - diagnosis? - Answer: G6PD deficiency hypersensitivity vasculitis associated with hemorrhagic urticaria and upper respiratory tract infections - diagnosis? - Answer: Henoch-Schonlein purpura heterophil antibodies - diagnosis?
• caused by what? - Answer: infectious mononucleosis - caused by EBV

high-output cardiac failure (dilated cardiomyopathy) is associated with what vitamin deficiency?

• what is the disease called? - Answer: vitamin B1 (thiamine) deficiency - wet beriberi HLA-B27 - associated with what diseases? - Answer: Reiter's syndrome, ankylosing spondylitis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel disease disease associated with HLA-DR3 or DR
• what causes it? - Answer: diabetes mellitus type 1 - autoimmune destruction of beta cells Homer Wright rosettes - diagnosis? - Answer: neuroblastoma honeycomb lung on x-ray - diagnosis? - Answer: interstitial fibrosis symptoms of Horner's syndrome - Answer: ptosis, miosis, anhidrosis Howell-Jolly bodies - caused by what? - Answer: splenectomy or nonfunctional spleen caudate degeneration - diagnosis?
• what is the inheritance pattern? - Answer: Huntington's disease - autosomal dominant hyperphagia, hypersexuality, hyperorality, hyperdocility - diagnosis?
• what is the affected organ? - Answer: Kluver-Bucy syndrome - affects amygdala hyperpigmentation of skin - diagnosis? - Answer: primary adrenal insufficiency (Addison's disease) hypersegmented neutrophils - diagnosis? - Answer: macrocytic anemia

koilocytes - diagnosis? - Answer: HPV Koplik spots - diagnosis? - Answer: measles gastric adenocarcinoma with ovarian metastases - Answer: Krukenberg tumor (Puneet, this one is for you) Kussmaul hyperpnea - diagnosis? - Answer: diabetic ketoacidosis lens dislocation, aortic dissection, joint hyperflexibility - diagnosis?

• what is the defect? - Answer: Marfan's syndrome - defect in fibrillin what is the defect in Lesch-Nyhan syndrome? - Answer: HGPRT deficiency Lewy bodies - diagnosis? - Answer: Parkinson's disease what is Libman-Sacks disease? - Answer: endocarditis associated with SLE lines of Zahn - diagnosis? - Answer: arterial thrombus Lisch nodules - diagnosis? - Answer: neurofibromatosis (von Recklinghausen's disease) low serum ceruloplasmin - diagnosis? - Answer: Wilson's disease lucid interval - associated with what head pathology? - Answer: epidural hematoma "lumpy-bumpy" appearance of glomeruli on immunofluorescence - diagnosis? - Answer: poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis lytic bone lesions on x-ray - diagnosis? - Answer: multiple myeloma

Mallory bodies - diagnosis? - Answer: alcoholic liver disease esophagogastric lacerations - diagnosis? - Answer: Mallory-Weiss syndrome what is the defect in McArdle's disease? - Answer: muscle phosphorylase deficiency McBurney's sign - diagnosis? - Answer: appendicitis MLF syndrome (internuclear ophthalmoplegia) - diagnosis? - Answer: multiple sclerosis monoclonal antibody spike - possible diagnoses?

• what makes up the spike in each? - Answer: multiple myeloma (IgG or IgA) MGUS Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia (IgM) myxedema - diagnosis? - Answer: hypothyroidism necrotizing vasculitis of the lungs (hemoptysis) and necrotizing glomerulonephritis
• possible diagnoses? - Answer: Wegener's or Goodpasture's needle-shaped, negatively birefringent crystals - diagnosis? - Answer: gout Negri bodies - diagnosis? - Answer: rabies nephritis, cataracts, hearing loss - diagnosis?
• what is the defect? - Answer: Alport's syndrome
• type IV collagen defect neurofibrillary tangles - diagnosis? - Answer: Alzheimer's disease

nigrostriatal dopamine depletion - diagnosis? - Answer: Parkinson's disease periosteal elevation on x-ray - diagnosis? - Answer: pyogenic osteomyelitis benign polyposis - diagnosis? - Answer: Peutz-Jeghers syndrome penile fibrosis - diagnosis? - Answer: Peyronie's disease Philadelphia chromosome (bcr-abl) - diagnosis? - Answer: CML Pick bodies - diagnosis? - Answer: Pick's disease progressive dementia, similar to Alzheimer's - diagnosis? - Answer: Pick's disease "pink puffer" - diagnosis?

• what are the two types, and what causes them? - Answer: emphysema
• centroacinar - due to smoking
• panacinar - due to alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency esophageal webs with iron deficiency anemia - diagnosis? - Answer: Plummer- Vinson syndrome podagra - diagnosis?
• where is it located? - Answer: gout - MP joint of hallux podocyte fusion - diagnosis? - Answer: minimal change disease polyneuropathy, cardiac pathology, and edema - diagnosis?
• what causes it? - Answer: wet beriberi (vitamin B1 deficiency) polyneuropathy preceded by GI or respiratory infection - Answer: Guillain-Barre syndrome

what is the defect in Pompe's disease?

• what significant finding is it associated with? - Answer: lysosomal glucosidase deficiency
• cardiomegaly port-wine stain - diagnosis? - Answer: hemangioma positive anterior "drawer sign" - diagnosis? - Answer: anterior cruciate ligament injury what is Pott's disease? - Answer: vertebral tuberculosis pseudopalisade tumor cell arrangement - diagnosis? - Answer: glioblastoma multiforme pseudorosettes - diagnosis? - Answer: Ewing's sarcoma ptosis, miosis, anhidroisis - diagnosis?
• often associated with what? - Answer: Horner's syndrome
• Pancoast's tumor rash on palms and soles - possible diagnoses? - Answer: secondary syphilis, Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever, coxsackie A virus recurrent vasospasm in extremities - diagnosis? - Answer: Raynaud's syndrome RBC casts in urine - diagnosis? - Answer: acute glomerulonephritis recurrent pulmonary Pseudomonas and S. aureus infections - associated with? - Answer: cystic fibrosis

S4 - possible diagnoses? - Answer: aortic stenosis, hypertrophic subaortic stenosis Schiller-Duval bodies - diagnosis? - Answer: yolk sac tumor senile plaques - diagnosis? - Answer: Alzheimer's disease what is Sezary syndrome? - Answer: cutaneous T-cell lymphoma what is Sheehan's syndrome? - Answer: postpartum pituitary necrosis Schwartzman reaction - associated with? - Answer: Neisseria meningitidis signet-ring cells - diagnosis? - Answer: gastric carcinoma simian crease - diagnosis? - Answer: Down syndrome Sipple's syndrome - also known as? - Answer: MEN IIa dry eyes, dry mouth, arthritis - diagnosis? - Answer: Sjogren's syndrome skip lesions - diagnosis? - Answer: Crohn's slapped cheeks - diagnosis? - Answer: erythema infectiosum (fifth disease) Smith antigen - diagnosis? - Answer: SLE "smudge cell" - diagnosis? - Answer: CLL soap bubble on x-ray - diagnosis? - Answer: giant cell tumor of bone spike and dome on EM - diagnosis? - Answer: membranous glomerulonephritis

what is a Spitz nevus? - Answer: benign juvenile melanoma splinter hemorrhages in fingernails - diagnosis? - Answer: endocarditis starry-sky pattern - diagnosis? - Answer: Burkitt's lymphoma "strawberry tongue" - diagnosis? - Answer: scarlet fever streaky ovaries - diagnosis? - Answer: Turner's syndrome string sign on x-ray - diagnosis? - Answer: Crohn's disease subepithelial humps on EM - diagnosis? - Answer: poststreptococcal glomerulonephritis suboccipital lymphadenopathy - diagnosis? - Answer: rubella sulfur granules - diagnosis? - Answer: Actinomyces israelii swollen gums, bruising, poor wound healing, anemia - diagnosis?

• what is this due to?
• why do these symptoms occur? - Answer: scury - vitamin C (ascorbic acid) deficiency
• vitamin C is needed for hydroxylation of proline and lysine in collagen synthesis systolic ejection murmur (crescendo-decrescendo) - diagnosis? - Answer: aortic valve stenosis t(8;14) - diagnosis?
• gene involved? - Answer: Burkitt's lymphoma
• c-myc activation t(9;22) - diagnosis?