Web Hosting Technologies: A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners, Assignments of Information Technology

Download Web Hosting Technologies: A Comprehensive Guide for Beginners and more Assignments Information Technology in PDF only on Docsity!

Arun Jaiswal (HND / Second Semester) ISMT, Tinkune

WEBSITE DESIGN AND

DEVELOPMENT

Contents

Part: 1......................................................................................................................................................................... Introduction................................................................................................................................................................ DNS........................................................................................................................................................................ Purpose of DNS...................................................................................................................................................... Types of DNS.........................................................................................................................................................

1. DNS Resolver.....................................................................................................................................................
2. DNS Root nameserver........................................................................................................................................
3. TLD nameserver.................................................................................................................................................
4. Authoritative nameserver.................................................................................................................................... Explanation on how domain names are organized and managed........................................................................... Steps for managing DNS.................................................................................................................................... Communication Protocol.......................................................................................................................................... 1 Web Server Hardware.............................................................................................................................................. 1 Host Operating System............................................................................................................................................. 1 Web Server software................................................................................................................................................ 1 Requirements for publishing Website.................................................................................................................. 1 Publishing and accessing Websites...................................................................................................................... 1 Managing Secure Websites...................................................................................................................................... 1 Relationship between communication protocols, server hardware, operating systems and web server software with regards to designing and accessing a website..................................................................... 1 Search Engine indexing and ranking.................................................................................................................... 1 Integrated Database System.................................................................................................................................. 1 Advantages of an integrated database system with regards to expanding website capability.............................. 1 Web Development Technologies and Framework............................................................................................... 1 Conclusion............................................................................................................................................................ 2 Part: 2....................................................................................................................................................................... 2 Arun Jaiswal (HND / Second Semester)

• Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
  • Capabilities of Front-end and Back-End Technologies........................................................................................
• Relationship between Front-End and Back-End website technologies....................................................................
  • How front-end and back-end relate to presentation and application layer...........................................................
• Front-End Technologies...........................................................................................................................................
  • JavaScript Frameworks.........................................................................................................................................
• Back-End Technologies...........................................................................................................................................
• Online Website creation tool....................................................................................................................................
  • Advantages of Online Website Builder................................................................................................................
  • Disadvantages of Online Website Builder............................................................................................................
• Custom Build Sites...................................................................................................................................................
  • Advantages of Custom Build Site.........................................................................................................................
  • Disadvantages of Custom Build Website.............................................................................................................
• factors:......................................................................................................................................................................
• Recommendation......................................................................................................................................................
  • Conclusion............................................................................................................................................................
• Part 3:.......................................................................................................................................................................
• Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
• Objective of the Website..........................................................................................................................................
• Wireframe.................................................................................................................................................................
  • Wireframe of login-page.......................................................................................................................................
  • Wireframe of landing page...................................................................................................................................
• Client requirements..................................................................................................................................................
• User requirements.....................................................................................................................................................
• Final layout of the website....................................................................................................................................... - Design of Login-page....................................................................................................................................... - Design of menu wrapper and slider.................................................................................................................. - Body part Design.............................................................................................................................................. - Popular Destination Design.............................................................................................................................. - Contact and footer Design................................................................................................................................
• Principles and Standards using in making Website..................................................................................................
• Screenshot of code....................................................................................................................................................
  • Conclusion............................................................................................................................................................
• Part 4:.......................................................................................................................................................................
• Introduction..............................................................................................................................................................
• Functionality of Rainbow Airlines website..............................................................................................................
• Performance of Rainbow Airlines Website..............................................................................................................
  • Conclusion............................................................................................................................................................
• Bibliography.............................................................................................................................................................
• Part:

1. As a part of your first task you are required to prepare a report identifying the purpose and types of DNS, including explanations on how domain names are organized and managed and explain the purpose and relationships between communication protocols, server hardware, operating systems, and web server software with regards to designing, publishing and accessing a website. You are required to present the relationships between domain names, DNS services and communication You are also required to document the overview of publishing and managing secure websites, including search engine indexing and ranking. Your document must include the explanation and purpose and relationships between communication protocols, server hardware, operating systems and web server software with regards to designing and accessing a website. You may consider the differences between web server hardware, software and host operating systems. You may also consider the advantages of an integrated database system with regards to expanding website capability and common web development technologies and framework.
2. With reference to your previous task you are required to present a document that evaluates the impact of common web development technologies and frameworks with regards to website design, functionality and management.
3. Review the influence of search engines on website performance and provide evidence-based support for improving a site’s index value and rank through search engine optimization. Introduction To begin with, since 2007 web-solution Technologies Pvt. Ltd, is a one of the top company in Nepal for web Hosting reseller and domain registration as well as the main motto of the company is quality service in affordable cost which means that it provides different types of web service in affordable cost with secure, reliable and customer prompt support. Similarly, this company has two web hosting servers with their own domain reseller panel and work with a web hosting company in USA. In addition, I have been hired as the member in the same company as a Web Administrator in which there will be ten members in my group which will be new to web hosting technologies and my work will be some task which will be assigned by the leader of the team or by the upper management level and my first task is related to explaining the server technologies and management services related with web hosting and managing website. Similarly, inside my first task, I will describe about the DNS and its types as well as I will also describe about the purpose of DNS which will include explanation on how domain names are Arun Jaiswal (HND / Second Semester)

Types of DNS There are different types of DNS through which I will describe about some of DNS types that will be helpful for organizing and managing website which are described below,

1. DNS Resolver DNS resolver is designed to receive DNS queries which will include human-readable hostname such as www.rainbowairlines.com and responsible for tracking the IP address for that hostname as well as it acts a middleman between a client and a DNS server and after receiving a DNS query from a web client then a DNS resolver will either respond with cached data or send a request to root nameserver which is followed by another TLD nameserver then one last request to an authoritative nameserver. Similarly, after receiving the response from the nameserver containing the requested IP address then after that DNS resolver send a response to the client and most of the user uses DNS resolver which is provided by ISP and DNS resolver is also known as recursive resolver.
2. DNS Root nameserver The main work of root nameserver is that it accepts a recursive resolver’s query which includes a domain name and the root nameserver respond by directing the recursive resolver to TLD name server which is based on extension of that domain such as .com, .net and .org. Similarly, it is Arun Jaiswal (HND / Second Semester)

used for DNS namespace i.e. the entire DNS domain structure and translate the host names like airlines.com to IP address that is used for communication between network host. Note that while there are 13 root nameservers, that doesn’t mean that there are only 13 machines in the root nameserver system. There are 13 types of root nameservers, but there are multiple copies of each one all over the world, which use Anycast routing to provide speedy responses. If you added up all the instances of root nameservers, you’d have 632 different servers (as of October 2016) [ CITATION clo18 \l 1033 ].

3. TLD nameserver It maintains the information of all domain that share a common domain extension like .com, .net whatever comes after last dot in a URL and it contains the information of every website that ends with .com. Similarly, when a user search for airlines.com then DNS resolver send a query to .com nameserver then it will be respond by pointing the authoritative nameserver for that domain and its management is mainly handled by Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) which is one of the branches of ICANN.
4. Authoritative nameserver Higher level servers in the DNS hierarchy define which DNS server is the “authoritative” name server for a specific hostname, meaning that it holds the up-to-date information for that hostname and when a recursive resolver receive a response from TLD nameserver then that response will direct the resolver to an authoritative nameserver as well as it contains the information specific to domain name and provide a DNS resolver with the IP address of that server found in DNS record. In addition, authoritative nameserver is the last stop in the nameserver query which takes the hostname and returns the correct IP address to the recursive resolver. Explanation on how domain names are organized and managed The Domain names were developed to organize and find the IP address of computers on a large distributed network and before the domain structure was developed computer names and IP address are managed by using flat list and stored in a simple text file known as host file as well as every domain consists of two parts which is actual domain and top-level domain. Similarly, domains are under the jurisdiction of ICANN and also managed by ICANN too and they are under contract from ICANN to manage the domain for specified amount of time. In addition, top-level domains have been managed by one or mote than one organization in its history and Organizations operating a high- level domain are responsible for the authoritative name server and the maintenance of a written record database; among the alternative requirements made public in the written record agreement of Arun Jaiswal (HND / Second Semester)

 After that click on domains at the top of the account and click on Zone editor,  Similarly, select the domain that you’re modifying and under zone file records find the records that you want to modify then click on edit button and make the changes you want to make and click on save, Arun Jaiswal (HND / Second Semester)

 Similarly, to add a new record, click on add record as shown above then in Host record field enter the desired record name and leave the TTL field at its default setting and select the proper entry type for your application from the drop-down label and at last after filling all the text click on add record,  Finally, to delete the record, select the domain which we want to modify from the drop-down box and under the zone file record find the record that you want to modify and at last step click on delete button to delete the record. In this way, we can manage the DNS record through cPanel. Arun Jaiswal (HND / Second Semester)

different from desktop hardware as both are made from some basis components such as power supplies, memory and CPUs. Moreover, each component of server hardware tends to be more advanced than found in personal computers and there are three types of server hardware which are tower servers, rack servers and blade servers. Host Operating System A host OS is the software installed on a computer that interacts with the underlying hardware and is usually used to describe an operating system used in a virtualized server to differentiate it from the guest operating system. A host OS is most commonly used to describe the operating system that interacts with the hardware and runs a Type 2 hypervisor. A Type 2 hypervisor, also known as a hosted hypervisor[ CITATION tec183 \l 1033 ]. Similarly, host operating system uses container- based virtualization through which containers are logical partitions that is used to separate application on the same server and allows application on the same server to share the same operating system but still provide hardware isolation. The main benefits of host operating system are that it can use multiple operating system environments on the same computer and when a virtualization machine is created then it also creates a virtual hard disk through which all the data will be store in that virtual hard disk and if it is crashed then it will not affect the host machine. Web Server software A Web server is a computer system that hosts websites. It runs Web server software, such as Apache or Microsoft IIS, which provides access to hosted webpages over the Internet. Most Web servers are connected to the Internet via a high-speed connection, offering OC-3 or faster data transmission rates. A fast Internet connection allows Web servers to support multiple connections at one time without slowing down[ CITATION tec184 \l 1033 ]. In addition, any computer can be used as web server until it connects with the internet and it is a program that uses HTTP to serve the files from web pages to user as well as it consists of physical server, server operating system and the software which is used facilitate HTTP communication. Moreover, it hosts the multiple websites and web server that host websites for multiple user such as website used by organization is known as shared hosts and the server that only host website for single user and for company is known as dedicated hosts and dedicated hosts are more reliable than shared hosts. Requirements for publishing Website  First of all, make a site map in which there will be all the pages which you want to include or want to show on your website and organize the files into folder such as keep all the HTML file in one folder and images in one folder so that it will be easy to manage and find the file. Arun Jaiswal (HND / Second Semester)

 After that publish it to the production server through which all the pages will be tested and how they will look in real before publishing for Whole Wide World to see.  Similarly, keep the name of file and folder short, descriptive, no space and lower case because some browser cannot read the capital letters in the URLs and only few can understand blank space.  Use index.html as your homepage file name because index is the default home page location that CCRI web servers look for as well as make easier for everyone.  Keep the design and structure simple so that visitors can more focus on the information.  Don’t use purposeless graphics due to which it will take time to load sites and visitors will not wait for too long to visit your site again.  Make Hyperlinked text meaningful so the visitor will know where the link will bring them.  Design pages, which are viewable from Internet explorer and Firefox too because the pages will look different in different browser.  Keep your page up-to date so that visitors will gain new information time to time and it also make the sites better and remove the unnecessary file from the sites. Publishing and accessing Websites Web publishing is a process of publishing original content on the internet and these processes include building and uploading website and updating the pages as well as it is comprising of personal, business and community websites in addition to eBooks and blogs. In addition, web publishing includes different files such as text, video, images and other source of media and it is also known as online publishing. Web accessing means internet access that include access to WWW and it is a system of electronically stored hypertext document which is used in World Wide Web in order to transfer webpage data from the webserver to the browser. Managing Secure Websites First of all, managing a website is very important to keep the site safe and reliable. Here are some steps to manage the website which are described below,

1. Backup your website The main problem is that many sites crash without warning which cause the loss of data and coding that you’ve have worked hard to put together so backup is very important which helps to allow to restore the most recent version of the site and website must be backup time to time to manage the site as company which host the site regularly backups your site but its still smart to backup the site yourself too. Arun Jaiswal (HND / Second Semester)

1. Keep Software up-to date Keeping the software up-to date is one the very important part to secure the website and it applies to both server operating system and any software you may be running on your website such as CMS or forum. Similarly, using third-party software on the website such as CMS or forum, you should ensure that you are applying security patches quickly as well as many developers uses tools like composer, npm or RubyGems to manage the software dependencies and security vulnerabilities appear in a package you depend on which is the easiest way to caught out so it is necessary to keep your dependencies up to date and use tools like Gemnasium to get the automatic notification when a vulnerability is found in the sites.
2. SQL Injection SQL injection attacks are when an attacker uses a web form field or URL parameter to gain access to or manipulate your database. When you use standard Transact SQL it is easy to unknowingly insert rogue code into your query that could be used to change tables, get information and delete data. You can easily prevent this by always using parameterised queries, most web languages have this feature and it is easy to implement and You could fix this query by explicitly parameterizing it.
3. Protect site against XSS attack Cross- site scripting (XSS) attacks inject JavaScript malicious into your pages which runs in the user's browsers and can change page content or steal information to send back to the attacker. For example, if you display comments on a page without validation then an attacker may submit comments containing script tags and JavaScript that could run in the browser of every other user and steal their login cookie through which it attacks to control the account of every user who viewed the comment. In addition, it must be sure that users are unable to inject JavaScript content into your pages.
4. Use security software or plugins There is different website firewall which we can subscribe for the protection of sites as there is WordPress who often provide security plugins to their website to keep their site safe and secure. As to protect the computer from virus we install antivirus similarly to protect the site we have install security software to protect it. There are also different types of security plugins such as iThemes Security and Bulletproof Security to protect the sites.
5. Avoid file uploads Arun Jaiswal (HND / Second Semester)

Many websites are hacked due to file uploads by the user in sites and however the file which was uploaded looks normal but inside that it may contain a script that when executed on your server, completely opens the website. Similarly, files should be treated with great suspicious and if the user is uploading the image then it shouldn’t be sure that this only image because in many image files it contains some php code as a comment so to avoid this install firewall setup for the site and blocked all the non-essential ports. In addition, if files are allowed to upload from the internet then use secure transport method to the server such as SFTP or SSH.

6. Check your password Password also matter to keep you site safe and secure, if password is weak then your website may hack or inject different cookies and can destroy all the data from your site. Similarly, we also know that password should be complex but they made mistake sometime while keeping their password so admin have to remember that their password is containing symbol, uppercase letter and number which makes the password complex which help to protect their information for long run. Moreover, password should always be stored as encrypted values and using a hashing algorithm such as SHA and if someone is hacking and stealing the password then using hashed password could help to damage limitation and decrypting them is also not possible. Relationship between communication protocols, server hardware, operating systems and web server software with regards to designing and accessing a website. To begin with, communication protocol is a system of rules that allow two or more entities of a communication system to transmit information through any kind of variation of physical quantity and represents an agreement between communicating devices. Similarly, without a protocol just two devices will be connected but cannot be communicated and protocol defines the format of packets and the rules for communicating them across the network as well as different protocol provide different levels of service such as simple error correction, multimedia data retrieval and others too. Additionally, there are four components of data communication and they are Message, sender, receiver, transmission medium and protocol as well as there are numerous properties of a transmission that a convention can characterize. Similarly, Web server hardware helps to deliver web content that can be accessed through the internet and it matters the web traffic because it is need to be ensured that HTTP requests are serviced within minimum response time and web server hardware also matters the customer’s view Arun Jaiswal (HND / Second Semester)

and it is also called a web indexing and there are different parts in search engine indexing such as design factor and data structures. In addition, the purpose of storing index is to optimize speed and performance in finding applicable document for a search query and without index, search engine will scan every document in the corpus which take lots of time and computing power. Moreover, indexing means that Google spider will try to understand the content of your website whereas the work of ranking involves how to rank your content on the SERP as well as there are many tool and techniques to improve the indexing such as Google Webmaster and for improving ranking admin have to focus on their off-and on page optimization such as link development, optimizing meta descriptions and titles. Similarly, search engine ranking is the position of particular site that appears in the result of search engine query and it is influenced by different factors such as age of site, quality of site’s link portfolio, social signals and many others as many site owners engaged in SEO campaigns to improve the search engine ranking of their site. The main benefit of higher ranking website is that it will get larger percentage of click-throughs and attract more visitors than lower ranked website. Integrated Database System An integration database is database which store the data for multiple applications and integration database need a schema that take all its client application into account as well as IDMS organizes its database as a series of files and those files are mapped and pre-formatted called areas and areas are subdivided into pages which correspond to physical blocks on the disk as well as those database records are stored within these blocks. In addition, there are four different methods for storing record in Integrated Database Management System (IDMS) and they are Direct, Sequential, CALC and VIA. In direct mode, user specifies the target database key and is stored as close to the DB key as possible. Similarly, in Sequential mode, it places each new record at the end of the area and this type of option is rarely used in the IDMS. Additionally, CALC mode uses a hashing algorithm to decide where to place the record and provides efficient retrieval of the record and VIA allows record to be stored on different IDMS area so that they can be stored separately. Advantages of an integrated database system with regards to expanding website capability Here are the advantages of IDMS with view to expanding website capability which are described below,  Minimized Data redundancy Data redundancy is a condition created in a database or data storage technology that holds the same data in two separate locations as well as there are two different multiple spots in Arun Jaiswal (HND / Second Semester)

multiple software environment or platforms. So, it can be minimized by the normalization process or by designing the database properly and normalization is a technique that is used while designing and re-designing a database as well as it is a process of reducing redundancies of data in a database.  Sharing of Data User of database can share the data among themselves and there is various level of authorization to access the data as well as remote user can also access the database continuously and can share the data between themselves. In addition, IDMS help to create an environment in which end user will have better access to more and better managed data.  Data Security Data security plays a vital role in database through which only authorized user can access the database and their identification are authenticated through username and password. The main benefit is that unauthorized user cannot access the database under any circumstances as it violets the integrity constant.  Backup and Recovery Database Management System automatically takes care of backup and recovery and user don’t need to backup the data time to time and data is controlled and take care by DBMS and if system crashed then it automatically restores the database to its previous condition.  Integrity Constraint Constraints are used to store accurate data because there are many users who fed the data in database as well as it is very important as there is multiple database in DBMS. So, it must ensure that data is correct and consistent in all the databases and all for the users and all the databases contain data that is visible for multiple user.  Tunability Tuning means adjusting something to get better performance. Same in the case of DBMS, it provides tunability to improve performance as well as DBA adjust database to get effective results. Web Development Technologies and Framework Firstly, web development technology is a Front-End Technology used for Front-End Development which includes HTML, CSS and JavaScript because HTML is a foundation for every website and Cascading Stylesheet help to design to expand limited style properties of HTML and JavaScript is used for Back-End development as well as it is the process of communication between computers to each other by using Mark-up language. In addition, web development technology is the interface Arun Jaiswal (HND / Second Semester)