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WGU C805 Excel spreadsheet
Pathophysiology Study Guide
MRSA - ✔️ "antibiotic-resistant form of Staph infection that commonly develops on the skin; red, swollen, rash; transmitted usually skin to skin; multi-drug resistant organism difficult to treat can progress into blood, bone, lung, or skin infections, can be life-threatening" Malaria - ✔️ fever, chills, sweating and other flu like symptoms; transmitted by mosquitos; anemia, jaundice, fever, and malaise due to the destruction of RBCs Staph Infection - ✔️ caused by a Staphylococcus (or "staph") bacteria; range from a simple boil to antibiotic-resistant infections to flesh-eating infections; symtoms include red, swollen skin w/ pus, and warm to touch Active Immunity - ✔️ immunity that results from the own production of antibodies Passive Immunity - ✔️ immunity that results from the introduction of antibodies from another person or animal; immunizations Malignant Tumors - ✔️ metastatic capabilities; slow growth; distorted shape; abnormal cells; cancerous tumors; develop when cells grow uncontrollably; can grow quickly and spread throgh they body by metastasis Benign Tumors - ✔️ abnormal cells; remain localized; rarely reoccur; slow grwoth; distorted shape; types of benign tumors; Adenoma, Osteoma, Nevi/Moles, Fibroids, Myomas, Lipomas; mass of cells (tumor) that lack the ability to invade neighboring tissue or metastasize Non-Hodkin's lymphoma - ✔️ cancer that originates in your lymphatic system; develops from lymphocytes - WBCs. Painless, swollen lymph nodes in your neck, armpits, or groin Metastasis - ✔️ development of secondary malignant growths at a distance from a primary site of cancer; commonly develops when cancer cells break away from the main tumor and enter the bloodstream or lymphatic system Near Drowning - ✔️ Respiratory distress; breathing fluid or not enough oxygenated blood; the larynx (a part of the air passage) closes involuntarily, preventing both air and water from entering the lungs Asphyxiation - ✔️ lack of oxygen coupled with accumulating carbon dioxide in the blood, may result from carbon monoxide poisoning, near drowning, hypoventilation, airway obstruction, or inhalation of toxic fumes. Allergies - ✔️ nose hairs, sneezing, inflamed nasal passages, watery eyes.
Second Degree Burn - ✔️ Skin appears red and swollen, very painful, w/ skin blisters Closed fractures - ✔️ break in bone, skin intact Open or Compound fracture - ✔️ break where the wound is leading down to fracture or bone breaks skin Comminuted fracture - ✔️ shattering fracture Colles fracture - ✔️ break in the end of the radius in wrist; often occurs when the wrist is extended to break a fall Greenstick fracture - ✔️ bone partially bent or split, occurs with soft bones Common dislocations - ✔️ shoulder, hip, jaw, knee, spine, and elbow Sprains - ✔️ stretching/tearing of ligaments Strain - ✔️ stretching/tearing of muscle or tissue Rickets - ✔️ only occurs in children (growth plates have not fused); softening and weakening of bones in children, usually because of an extreme and prolonged vitamin D deficiency Osteomyelitis - ✔️ softening of your bones, most often caused by severe vitamin D deficiency. The softened bones of children and young adults with osteomalacia can lead to bowing during growth, especially in weight-bearing bones of the legs. Gout - ✔️ disease of the uric acid metabolism, typically joint pain in big toe; deposits will build up around joints; characterized by, kidney stones, urea in blood and renal dysfunction Herniated disk - ✔️ common on site l4-l5; disc pushes on nerves causing discomfort in lower back; symptoms include severe back pain, paresthesia Plantar fasciitis - ✔️ inflammation of a thick band of tissue that connects the heel bone to the toes Paget's Disease - ✔️ high rate of bone turnover, bone is replaced by coarse/irregular bone; hydroxyproline enlargement and thickening of the bone Lordosis - ✔️ curving inward of the lower back; also called sway back. Affects lumbar/lower spine Kyphosis - ✔️ forward rounding of the back; also called hunchback, affects upper thoracic
Plantar Warts - ✔️ small growths, usually appear on the heels/feet; caused by human papillomavirus Urticaria (wheal) - ✔️ hives, generally caused by allergic immune response/body releasing histamine; round and red, can cover a small/large area; causes inflammation and fluid to produce under the skin Rosacea - ✔️ condition that causes redness and often small, red, pus-filed bumps on the face Scabies - ✔️ contagious, intensely itchy kin condition caused by a tiny burrowing mite Skin cancer/Basal Cell - ✔️ often appears as a slightly transparent bump on the skin, though it can take other forms; occurs most often on areas of the skin that are exposed to the sun, such as your head and neck. Tinea pedis - ✔️ fungal infection that usually beings between the toes; aka athletes foot Vitiligo - ✔️ disease that causes the loss of skin color in blotches Transients CVA's (Mini-strokes) or Ischemic Stroke - ✔️ accounts for 70-80% of brain attacks; impaired conciousness; hemiparesis; interruption of blood flow; temporary blockage of blood flow to the brain - occlusion of blood vessels Hemorrhagic CVA's (Strokes) - ✔️ Ruptrue of blood vessel causes bleeding inside the brain; Higher fatality rates;n Impaired consciousness; Hemiparesis Hematoma - ✔️ solid swelling of clotted blood within the tissues Subdural Hematoma - ✔️ subnormal blood pressure and temperature; pool of blood between the brain and its outermost covering; slurred speech, difficulty walking, and dilated pupils Cerebral Concussion - ✔️ temporary loss of consciousness; period of amnesia; dilated pupils; hostillity and combativeness; brain injury caused by a blow to the head or a violent shaking of the head and body; injuries can have both temporary and lasting effects Cerebral Contusion - ✔️ convulsion; brain injury that causes blood to collect under the skin; range from relatively minor to life-threatening Head Trauma - ✔️ any sort of injury to your brain, skull, or scalp Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis/ALS/Lou Gehrig's - ✔️ nervous system disease that weakens muscles and impacts physical function
Alzheimer Disease - ✔️ progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions Bells Palsy - ✔️ Sudden weakness in the muscles on one half of the face Peripheral neuropathy - ✔️ weakness, numbness, and pain from nerve damage, usually in the hands and feet; causes Vitamin B12 deficiency & lead poisioning Parkinson Disease - ✔️ disorder of the central nervous system that affects movement, often including tremors, slow progression Bradykinesia - ✔️ Slowness of movement and is one of the cardinal manifestations of Parkinson's disease Multiple Sclerosis/MS - ✔️ disease in which the immune system easts away at the protective covering of nerves; transient motor and sensory disturbances; communication problems between your brain and the rest of your body Meniere's Disease - ✔️ inner ear disorder that causes episodes of vertigo, dizziness, with ringing and buzzing in the ear and hearing loss. Untreated Ear Infections (Otitis Media) - ✔️ inflammation of the middle ear, if not treated, serious consequences can occur such as temporary or permenant hearing loss Otosclerosis - ✔️ growth of new bone that is fixed; permenant hearing loss; Glaucoma - ✔️ condition of increased pressure withing the eyeball, causing gradual loss of sight Cataracts - ✔️ condition in which the lens of the eye becomes progressively opaque, resulting in blurred vision Retinal Detachment - ✔️ when part of the eye (the retina) pulls away from supportive tissue Alcoholism - ✔️ Vitamin B 12 deficiency can be attributed to: Folic Acid anemia - ✔️ deficiency of vitamin B12; lack of folic acid; reduce production of RBCs; megaloblastic - RBCs are larger than normal; characterized by weakness, fatigue, anorexia, pallor, forgetfulness, irritability, and diarrhea Pernicious anemia - ✔️ deficiency of vitamin B12; lack of intrinsic factor (IF) in the gastric mucosa; megaloblastic - RBCs are larger than normal; characterized by dyspnea, palpitations and tingling in extremities Iron-deficiency anemia - ✔️ deficiency of iron; not enough to produce hemoglobin; excessive blood loss, small RBC formation
Varicella - ✔️ Chicken Pox caused by the varicella-zoster virus; highly contagious viral infection causing an itchy, blister-like rash on the skin Viral hemorrhagic fever/VHFs - ✔️ infectious diseases that can cause severe, life- threatening illness; spread by contact with infected animals, people or insects; Some VHF's include, dengue, ebola, lassa, marburg, yellow fever West Nile virus - ✔️ mosquito-transmitted virus that spreads in blood; diagnosis by blood test Atherosclerosis - ✔️ build-up of fats, cholesterol, and other substances in and on the artery walls; restricts blood flow; develops gradually; symptoms can include pain/cramping in lower leg Angina Pectoris - Stable Angina - ✔️ "predictable" symptoms; engage in physical activity at various levels of intensity, expect shortness of breath, chest pressure, neck, jaw or shoulder pain; when you stop the activity, symptoms also cease. Angina Pectoris - Unstable - ✔️ chest pain and other symptoms of cardiovascular disease are of new onset, worsening, becoming more frequent or occurring with less exertion; aka acute coronary syndrome Myocardial Infarction - ✔️ aka heart attack; flow of blood to the heart is blocked; blockage is most often a buildup of fat, cholesterol and other substances, which form a plaque in the arteries that feed the heart (coronary arteries) Mitral Stenosis - ✔️ Obstructed blood flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle, patient also had childhood rhumatic fever and atrial fibrillation Heart dysrhythmias - Atrial Fibrillation - ✔️ Quivering or irregular heartbeat (arrhythmia) that can lead to blood clots, stroke, heart failure. Heart feels like its racing along with palpitations. Atrial fibrillation is a rapid heart rate caused by chaotic electrical impulses in the atria. These signals result in rapid, uncoordinated, weak contractions of the atria. Bradycardia - ✔️ Really slow heart beat Tachycardia - ✔️ Abnormal fast heart beat Congestive heart failure - ✔️ occurs when your heart muscle doesn't pump blood as well as it should; certain conditions, such as narrowed arteries in your heart (coronary artery disease) or high blood pressure, gradually leave your heart too weak or stiff to fill and pump efficiently Pleuritis/Pleurisy - ✔️ the pleura (two large, thin layers of tissue that separate your lungs from your chest wall) becomes inflamed; causes sharp chest pain (pleuritic pain) that worsens during breathing; membranes rub against each other like sandpaper, producing pain
Valvular diseases - ✔️ characterized by damage to or a defect in one of the four heart valves: the mitral, aortic, tricuspid or pulmonary Endocarditis/Infective Endocarditis - ✔️ infection caused by bacteria that enter the bloodstream and settle in the heart lining, a heart valve or a blood vessel; people with some heart conditions have a greater risk Pericarditis - ✔️ inflammation of the pericardium, two thin layers of a sac-like tissue that surround the heart, hold it in place and help it work; possibly rubbing against the heart; also caused by metastasized neoplasms, rhumatic fever, uremia, or hypothyroidism Berylliosis - ✔️ metal poisoning caused by inhalation of beryllium dusts,vapors, or it's compounds Chronic asthma - ✔️ chronic, longterm condition, in which your airways narrow and swell and produce extra mucus; difficult to breath and trigger coughing, wheezing, and shortness of breath; no cure can be controlled Bronchiectasis - ✔️ chronic condition where the walls of the bronchi are thickened from inflammation and infection; causes coughing up more mucus due to scarred tissue in the bronchi Silicosis - ✔️ lung disease casued by breathing in tiny bits of silica; xray would show small nodular lesions throughout, mainly concentrated in the upper areas Pulmonary Emphysema - ✔️ chronic condition; ofter caused by smoking; casues shortness of breath; air sacs (alveoli) are damaged that exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide Pulmonary Tuberculosis - ✔️ bacteria lung infection; caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis; contagious; lesions of calcified inflamed granular tissue; necrosis of lung tissue Allergic Rhinitis - ✔️ aka hay fever; allergies; cold-like signs/symptoms; runny nose, ithchy eyes, congestion, sneezing, and sinus pressure; allergic response Sinusitis - ✔️ spaces inside nose/head are swollen and inflamed Pharyngitis - ✔️ inflammation of the back of the throat, known as the pharynx; sore throat Laryngitis - ✔️ Inflammation of the voice box from overuse, irritation, or infection Epiglottitis - ✔️ Potentially life-threatening condition; epiglottis (cartilage lid that covers your windpipe) swells blocking the flow of air into your lungs
risk of developing esophageal adenocarcinoma, which is a serious, potentially fatal cancer of the esophagus Cirrhosis - ✔️ late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver casued by many forms of diseases and conditions, such as hepatities and chronic alcoholism and long-term acetaminophen therapy Irritable Bowel Syndrome - ✔️ disorder that affects the large intestine Peptic Ulcer - ✔️ open sores that develops on the inside lining of the stomach and the upper portion of the small intestine/duodenum; positive for H.pylon; treated w/ antibiotics and supplemental RBC Ulcerative Colitis - ✔️ IBD, causes long-lasting inflammation and ulcers in the GI tract; affects the innermost lining of the large intestine; colon, and rectum Colon Cancer - ✔️ cancer that begins in the large insting (colon); begins as small, noncancerous (benign) clumps of cells called polyps that form on the inside of the colon; over time polyps can becom cancerous Pancreatic Cancer - ✔️ abdominal pain radiating to the back, weight loss, weakness, fatigue, diarrhea, nausea, and vomiting; Jaundice present; cancer begins in the tissues of your pancreas; growths occur in the pancreas, some cancerous some not; most common type of cancer that forms in the pancreas begins in the cells that line the ducts that carry digestive enzymes out of the pancreas Heamturia - ✔️ Blood in urine Protienuria - ✔️ Too much protien in urine Dysuria - ✔️ Painful urination Oliguria - ✔️ Small amounts of urination Cystitis - ✔️ inflammation of the bladder, common cause UTI; symptoms are dysuria, frequency and pain above pubic area Pyelonephritis - ✔️ infection of the kidney; type of UTI that generally begins in your urethra or bladder and travels to one or both kidneys Glomerulonephritis - ✔️ infection blockage of the kidney's nephrons; inflammation of the tiny filters in the kidneys(Glomeruli remove excess fluid and pass them into your urine); hematuria, protienuria, & oliguria Renal Calculi (uroliths) - ✔️ urinary/kidney stones; hard deposits made of minerals and slats that form inside your kidneys
Bladder Cancer - ✔️ cells lining the urinary bladder lose the ability to regulate their growth and start dividing uncontrollably; UTI typical complication, treated by transurethal resection or cystectomy Renal Cell Carcinoma - ✔️ most common type of kidney cancer; 90% are cancerous tumors; Nephrotic Syndrome - ✔️ Kidney disorder that causes you body to pass too much protein in your urine; caused by damage to the clusters of small blood vessels in kidneys End-stage Renal Disease - ✔️ kidneys are only functioning at 10 to 15 percent of their normal capacity; dialysis or transplant are only options. Symptoms of itching or hiccups present, decreased alertness, mental confustion, pale skin, weight loss, easy bruising/bleeding, decreased urine output Dialysis - ✔️ process for removing waste and excess water from the blood and is used primarily as an artificial replacement for lost kidney function, 2-4 hours; dialysis when you develop end stage kidney failure --usually by the time you lose about 85 to 90 percent of your kidney function and have a GFR of <15. Hemodialysis - ✔️ Hemodialysis uses a machine and a filter to remove waste products and water from the blood; process takes 3 to 5 hours Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy - ✔️ commonly used to provide renal support for critically ill patients with acute kidney injury, particularly patients who are hemodynamically unstable Diabetes mellitus - ✔️ Diabetes mellitus is more commonly known simply as diabetes. It's when your pancreas doesn't produce enough insulin to control the amount of glucose, or sugar, in your blood. A1C test showed 8.5% of blood gluclose attached to hemoglobin Diabetes insipidus - ✔️ rare condition that has nothing to do with the pancreas or blood sugar. Instead, it happens when your kidneys produce a lot of extra pee. Normally, they filter your bloodstream to make about a quart or 2 each day. When you have diabetes insipidus, it's more like 3 to 20 quarts, and it's mostly water. Addison's Disease - ✔️ adrenal insufficiency, is an uncommon disorder that occurs when your body doesn't produce enough of certain hormone Cushing's Disease - ✔️ excess of the steroid hormone cortisol in the blood level caused by a pituitary tumor secreting adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH). ACTH is a hormone produced by the normal pituitary gland. Goiters - ✔️ abnormal enlargement of your thyroid gland. Your thyroid is a butterfly- shaped gland located at the base of your neck just below your Adam's apple.
