Download Computer Architecture C952: Key Concepts and Definitions and more Exams Advanced Education in PDF only on Docsity!
Computer Architecture C
information revolution - correct answer ✔✔Computers have led to a third revolution for civilization, with the? taking its place alongside the agricultural and the industrial revolutions. Personal computer - correct answer ✔✔A computer designed for use by an individual, usually incorporating a graphics display, a keyboard, and a mouse. Personal Computer - correct answer ✔✔PC (computer) Server - correct answer ✔✔A computer used for running larger programs for multiple users, often simultaneously, and typically accessed only via a network. Supercomputer - correct answer ✔✔A class of computers with the highest performance and cost; they are configured as servers and typically cost tens to hundreds of millions of dollars. Embedded computer - correct answer ✔✔A computer inside another device used for running one predetermined application or collection of software. processor cores - correct answer ✔✔Many embedded processors are designed using ?, a version of a processor written in a hardware description language, such as Verilog or VHDL. Personal mobile devices (PMDs) - correct answer ✔✔small wireless devices to connect to the Internet; they rely on batteries for power, and software is installed by downloading apps. Conventional examples are smart phones and tablets. Personal Mobile Devices - correct answer ✔✔PMDs
Warehouse Scale Computers - correct answer ✔✔Taking over from the conventional server is Cloud Computing, which relies upon giant datacenters that are now known as? Cloud computing - correct answer ✔✔refers to large collections of servers that provide services over the Internet; some providers rent dynamically varying numbers of servers as a utility. Software as a Service (SaaS) - correct answer ✔✔delivers software and data as a service over the Internet, usually via a thin program such as a browser that runs on local client devices, instead of binary code that must be installed, and runs wholly on that device. Examples include web search and social networking. Multicore microprocessor - correct answer ✔✔A microprocessor containing multiple processors ("cores") in a single integrated circuit. Acronym - correct answer ✔✔A word constructed by taking the initial letters of a string of words. For example: RAM is an acronym for Random Access Memory, and CPU is an acronym for Central Processing Unit. Terabyte (TB) - correct answer ✔✔Originally 1,099,511,627,776 (240) bytes, although communications and secondary storage systems developers started using the term to mean 1,000,000,000,000 (1012) bytes. tebibyte (TiB) - correct answer ✔✔To reduce confusion, we now use the term? for 240 bytes, defining terabyte (TB) to mean 1012 bytes. Moore's Law - correct answer ✔✔States that integrated circuit resources double every 18-24 months. abstractions - correct answer ✔✔A major productivity technique for hardware and software is to use? to characterize the design at different levels of representation; lower-level details are hidden to offer a simpler model at higher levels. common case - correct answer ✔✔Making the? fast will tend to enhance performance better than optimizing the rare case.
Binary digit - correct answer ✔✔Also called a bit. One of the two numbers in base 2 (0 or 1) that are the components of information. bit - correct answer ✔✔Also called a binary digit. One of the two numbers in base 2 (0 or 1) that are the components of information. Instruction - correct answer ✔✔A command that computer hardware understands and obeys. Assembler - correct answer ✔✔A program that translates a symbolic version of instructions into the binary version. Assembly language - correct answer ✔✔A symbolic representation of machine instructions. Machine language - correct answer ✔✔A binary representation of machine instructions. High-level programming language - correct answer ✔✔A portable language such as C, C++, Java, or Visual Basic that is composed of words and algebraic notation that can be translated by a compiler into assembly language. Input device - correct answer ✔✔A mechanism through which the computer is fed information, such as a keyboard. Output device - correct answer ✔✔A mechanism that conveys the result of a computation to a user, such as a display, or to another computer. Liquid crystal display - correct answer ✔✔A display technology using a thin layer of liquid polymers that can be used to transmit or block light according to whether a charge is applied. Active matrix display - correct answer ✔✔A liquid crystal display using a transistor to control the transmission of light at each individual pixel.
bit map - correct answer ✔✔The image is composed of a matrix of picture elements, or pixels, which can be represented as a matrix of bits, called a ?. Pixel - correct answer ✔✔The smallest individual picture element. Screens are composed of hundreds of thousands to millions of ?, organized in a matrix. raster refresh buffer - correct answer ✔✔The computer hardware support for graphics consists mainly of a ?, or frame buffer, to store the bit map. frame buffer - correct answer ✔✔The computer hardware support for graphics consists mainly of a raster refresh buffer, or ?, to store the bit map. Integrated circuit - correct answer ✔✔Also called a chip. A device combining dozens to millions of transistors. chip - correct answer ✔✔Also called an integrated circuit. A device combining dozens to millions of transistors. Central processor unit - correct answer ✔✔Also called processor. The active part of the computer, which contains the datapath and control and which adds numbers, tests numbers, signals I/O devices to activate, and so on. Central Processor Unit - correct answer ✔✔CPU Central processor unit (CPU) - correct answer ✔✔Also called processor. The active part of the computer, which contains the datapath and control and which adds numbers, tests numbers, signals I/O devices to activate, and so on. Datapath - correct answer ✔✔The component of the processor that performs arithmetic operations. Control - correct answer ✔✔The component of the processor that commands the datapath, memory, and I/O devices according to the instructions of the program.
Main memory - correct answer ✔✔Also called primary memory. Memory used to hold programs while they are running; typically consists of DRAM in today's computers. primary memo - correct answer ✔✔Also called main memory. Memory used to hold programs while they are running; typically consists of DRAM in today's computers. Secondary memory - correct answer ✔✔Nonvolatile memory used to store programs and data between runs; typically consists of flash memory in PMDs and magnetic disks in servers. Magnetic disk - correct answer ✔✔Also called hard disk. A form of nonvolatile secondary memory composed of rotating platters coated with a magnetic recording material. Because they are rotating mechanical devices, access times are about 5 to 20 milliseconds and cost per gigabyte in 2012 was $0.05 to $0.10. Flash memory - correct answer ✔✔A nonvolatile semiconductor memory. It is cheaper and slower than DRAM but more expensive per bit and faster than magnetic disks. Access times are about 5 to 50 microseconds and cost per gigabyte in 2012 was $0.75 to $1.00. networks - correct answer ✔✔? interconnect whole computers, allowing computer users to extend the power of computing by including communication. Local area network - correct answer ✔✔A network designed to carry data within a geographically confined area, typically within a single building. Local Area Network - correct answer ✔✔LAN Wide area network (WAN) - correct answer ✔✔A network extended over hundreds of kilometers that can span a continent. Wide Area Network - correct answer ✔✔WAN Transistor - correct answer ✔✔An on/off switch controlled by an electric signal.
Very large-scale integrated - correct answer ✔✔A device containing hundreds of thousands to millions of transistors. Very Large-Scale Integrated - correct answer ✔✔VLSI Silicon - correct answer ✔✔A natural element that is a semiconductor. Semiconductor - correct answer ✔✔A substance that does not conduct electricity well. Silicon crystal ingot - correct answer ✔✔A rod composed of a silicon crystal that is between 8 and 12 inches in diameter and about 12 to 24 inches long. Wafer - correct answer ✔✔A slice from a silicon ingot no more than 0.1 inches thick, used to create chips. Defect - correct answer ✔✔A microscopic flaw in a wafer or in patterning steps that can result in the failure of the die containing that? Die - correct answer ✔✔The individual rectangular sections that are cut from a wafer, more informally known as chips. chip - correct answer ✔✔The individual rectangular sections that are cut from a wafer, also known as die Yield - correct answer ✔✔The percentage of good dies from the total number of dies on the wafer.
. - correct answer ✔✔.
system performance - correct answer ✔✔We will use the term? to refer to elapsed time on an unloaded system and CPU performance to refer to user CPU time. CPU performance - correct answer ✔✔We will use the term system performance to refer to elapsed time on an unloaded system and? to refer to user CPU time. Clock rate - correct answer ✔✔? is the inverse of the clock period. Clock cycle - correct answer ✔✔The time for one clock period, usually of the processor clock, which runs at a constant rate.
. - correct answer ✔✔. . - correct answer ✔✔. Clock period - correct answer ✔✔The length of each clock cycle. Clock cycles per instruction - correct answer ✔✔Average number of clock cycles per instruction for a program or program fragment. Clock cycles Per Instruction - correct answer ✔✔CPI Instruction count - correct answer ✔✔The number of instructions executed by the program. Instruction mix - correct answer ✔✔A measure of the dynamic frequency of instructions across one or many programs. IPC - correct answer ✔✔Some designers invert CPI to talk about ?. If a processor executes on average two instructions per clock cycle, then it has an? of 2 and hence a CPI of 0.5. Instructions Per Clock cycle - correct answer ✔✔IPC
fanout - correct answer ✔✔The number of transistors connected to an output. Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks - correct answer ✔✔RAID RAID - correct answer ✔✔Many disks in conjunction can offer much higher throughput, which was the original inspiration of ?. graphics processing unit - correct answer ✔✔is a hardware component that accelerates graphics. Graphics Processing Unit - correct answer ✔✔GPU Workload - correct answer ✔✔A set of programs run on a computer that is either the actual collection of applications run by a user or constructed from real programs to approximate such a mix. A typical? specifies both the programs and the relative frequencies. Benchmark - correct answer ✔✔A program selected for use in comparing computer performance. SPEC - correct answer ✔✔is an effort funded and supported by a number of computer vendors to create standard sets of benchmarks for modern computer systems. System Performance Evaluation Cooperative - correct answer ✔✔SPEC SPECratio - correct answer ✔✔Dividing the execution time of a reference processor by the execution time of the evaluated computer normalizes the execution time measurements; this normalization yields a measure, called the ?, which has the advantage that bigger numeric results indicate faster performance.
John Atanasoff - correct answer ✔✔?, who built a small-scale electronic computer in the early 1940s. Konrad Zuse - correct answer ✔✔Another pioneering computer that deserves credit was a special-purpose machine built by? in Germany in the late 1930s and early 1940s. Alan Turing - correct answer ✔✔During World War II special-purpose electronic computers were built to decrypt intercepted German messages. A team at Bletchley Park, including ?, built the Colossus in 1943. Colossus - correct answer ✔✔During World War II special-purpose electronic computers were built to decrypt intercepted German messages. A team at Bletchley Park, including Alan Turing, built the? in 1943. Howard Aiken - correct answer ✔✔? was building an electro-mechanical computer called the Mark-I at Harvard (a name that Manchester later adopted for its machine). Mark-I - correct answer ✔✔Howard Aiken was building an electro-mechanical computer called the? at Harvard (a name that Manchester later adopted for its machine). Harvard architecture - correct answer ✔✔The term? was coined to describe machines with distinct memories. Whirlwind project - correct answer ✔✔The? was begun at MIT in 1947 and was aimed at applications in real-time radar signal processing. Although it led to several inventions, its most important innovation was magnetic core memory. BINAC - correct answer ✔✔Eckert and Mauchly formed Eckert-Mauchly Computer Corporation. Their first machine, the ?, was built for Northrop and was shown in August 1949.
UNIVAC I - correct answer ✔✔Originally delivered in June 1951,? sold for about $ million and was the first successful commercial computer. IBM 701 - correct answer ✔✔The first IBM computer, the ?, shipped in 1952, and eventually 19 units were sold. Digital Equipment Corporation - correct answer ✔✔DEC DEC - correct answer ✔✔unveiled the PDP-8, the first commercial minicomputer. PDP-8 - correct answer ✔✔Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) unveiled the ?, the first commercial minicomputer. minicomputer - correct answer ✔✔The? was a small machine that was a breakthrough in low-cost design, allowing DEC to offer a computer for under $20,000. Intel 4004 - correct answer ✔✔Intel inventing the first microprocessor in 1971—the I?. supercomputer - correct answer ✔✔an extremely fast computer targeted to perform a large number of computations typically needed by scientific applications. Seymour Cray - correct answer ✔✔is often credited as the "father of supercomputing" and regarded as a pioneer of supercomputing. Cray-1 - correct answer ✔✔was simultaneously the fastest in the world, the most expensive, and the computer with the best cost/performance for scientific programs. Apple IIe - correct answer ✔✔In 1977, the? from Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak set standards for low cost, high volume, and high reliability that defined the personal computer industry.
EEMBC - correct answer ✔✔The embedded community was inspired by SPEC to create the ?. Started in 1997, it consists of a collection of kernels organized into suites that address different portions of the embedded industry. Instruction set - correct answer ✔✔The vocabulary of commands understood by a given architecture. Stored-program concept - correct answer ✔✔The idea that instructions and data of many types can be stored in memory as numbers and thus be easy to change, leading to the stored-program computer. comments - correct answer ✔✔The words to the right of the double slashes (//) on each line are? for the human reader, so the computer ignores them. Word - correct answer ✔✔A natural unit of access in a computer, usually a group of 32 bits. Doubleword - correct answer ✔✔Another natural unit of access in a computer, usually a group of 64 bits; corresponds to the size of a register in the LEGv architecture. Data transfer instruction - correct answer ✔✔A command that moves data between memory and registers. Address - correct answer ✔✔A value used to delineate the location of a specific data element within a memory array. load - correct answer ✔✔The data transfer instruction that copies data from memory to a register is traditionally called ?. base address - correct answer ✔✔is the starting address of an array in memory. base register - correct answer ✔✔is a register that holds an array's base address.
offset - correct answer ✔✔is a constant value added to a base address to locate a particular array element. spilling registers - correct answer ✔✔The process of putting less frequently used variables (or those needed later) into memory. Binary digit - correct answer ✔✔Also called binary bit. One of the two numbers in base 2, 0 or 1, that are the components of information. Least significant bit - correct answer ✔✔The rightmost bit in an LEGv8 doubleword. Most significant bit - correct answer ✔✔The leftmost bit in an LEGv8 doubleword.. overflow - correct answer ✔✔If the number that is the proper result of such operations cannot be represented by these rightmost hardware bits,? is said to have occurred. sign and magnitude representation - correct answer ✔✔is a signed number representation where a single bit is used to represent the sign, and the remaining bits represent the the magnitude. Two's complement - correct answer ✔✔A signed number representation where a leading 0 indicates a positive number and a leading 1 indicates a negative number. The complement of a value is obtained by complementing each bit (0 → 1 or 1 → 0), and then adding one to the result. sign extension - correct answer ✔✔The function of a signed load is to copy the sign repeatedly to fill the rest of the register, known as a ?. One's complement - correct answer ✔✔A notation that represents the most negative value by 10 ... 000two and the most positive value by 01 ... 11two, leaving an equal number of negatives and positives but ending up with two zeros, one positive ( ... 00two) and one negative (11 ... 11two). The term is also used to mean the inversion of every bit in a pattern: 0 to 1 and 1 to 0.
OR - correct answer ✔✔A logical bit-by-bit operation with two operands that calculates a 1 if there is a 1 in either operand. NOT - correct answer ✔✔A logical bit-by-bit operation with one operand that inverts the bits; that is, it replaces every 1 with a 0, and every 0 with a 1. EOR - correct answer ✔✔A logical bit-by-bit operation with two operands that calculates the exclusive OR of the two operands. That is, it calculates a 1 only if the values are different in the two operands. Conditional branch - correct answer ✔✔An instruction that tests a value and that allows for a subsequent transfer of control to a new address in the program based on the outcome of the test. Basic block - correct answer ✔✔A sequence of instructions without branches (except possibly at the end) and without branch targets or branch labels (except possibly at the beginning). Branch address table - correct answer ✔✔Also called branch table. A table of addresses of alternative instruction sequences. branch table - correct answer ✔✔Also called branch address table. A table of addresses of alternative instruction sequences. Procedure - correct answer ✔✔A stored subroutine that performs a specific task based on the parameters with which it is provided. Branch-and-link instruction - correct answer ✔✔An instruction that branches to an address and simultaneously saves the address of the following instruction in a register (LR or X30 in LEGv8). Return address - correct answer ✔✔A link to the calling site that allows a procedure to return to the proper address; in LEGv8 it is stored in register LR (X30).
Caller - correct answer ✔✔The program that instigates a procedure and provides the necessary parameter values. Callee - correct answer ✔✔A procedure that executes a series of stored instructions based on parameters provided by the caller and then returns control to the caller. Program counter - correct answer ✔✔The register containing the address of the instruction in the program being executed. Program Counter - correct answer ✔✔PC Stack - correct answer ✔✔A data structure for spilling registers organized as a last- in- first-out queue. Stack pointer - correct answer ✔✔A value denoting the most recently allocated address in a stack that shows where registers should be spilled or where old register values can be found. In LEGv8, it is register SP. Push - correct answer ✔✔Add element to stack. Pop - correct answer ✔✔Remove element from stack. Global pointer - correct answer ✔✔The register that is reserved to point to the static area. Procedure frame - correct answer ✔✔Also called activation record. The segment of the stack containing a procedure's saved registers and local variables. Activation record - correct answer ✔✔Also called procedure frame. The segment of the stack containing a procedure's saved registers and local variables. Frame pointer - correct answer ✔✔A value denoting the location of the saved registers and local variables for a given procedure.
