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you can learn in summarization, Summaries of Educational Psychology

STI Colleges and Education Centers (STICEC)Educational Psychology

always know that reading and analyzing data

Typology: Summaries

2021/2022

Uploaded on 04/21/2023

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(The Landscape of Memory: Mental Images, Maps, and Propositions) Chapter 7
Objectives
☻Mental Representation DIVINA
oCommunicating Knowledge: Pictures vs Words
oPicture in Your Mind: Mental Imagery
oDual-Code Theory: Images and Symbol
oStoring Knowledge as Abstract Concepts:
oPropositional Theory
oWhat is a Proposition?
oUsing Proposition
oDo Propositional Theory and Imagery Hold Up to Their Promises?
oLimitations of Mental Images
oLimitations of Propositional Theory
☻Mental Manipulation of Images HERSHEY
Principles of Visual Imagery
Neuroscience and Functional Equivalence
Mental Rotations
How Does Mental Rotation Work?
Intelligence and Mental Rotation
Neuroscience and Mental Rotation
Gender and Mental Rotation
Zooming in on Mental Images: Image Scaling
Examining Objects: Images Scanning
Representational Neglect
☻Synthesizing Images and Propositions YESHA
Do Experimenters’ Expectations Influence Experiment Outcomes?
Johnson-Laird’s Mental Models
Neuroscience: Evidence for Multiple Codes
Left Brain or Right Brain: Where Is Information Manipulated?
Two Kinds of Images: Visual vs Spatial
☻Spatial Cognition and Cognitive Maps YESHA
Of Rats, Bees, Pigeons, and Humans
Rules of Thumb for Using Our Mental Maps: Heuristics
Creating Maps from What You Hear: Text Maps
Here are some of the questions we will explore in this chapter:
1. What are some of the major hypotheses regarding how knowledge is represented in the mind?
2. What are some of the characteristics of mental imagery?
3. How does knowledge representation benefit from both images and propositions?
4. How many conceptual knowledge and expectancies influence the way we use images?
Mental Representation
Something that stands for these people of what you know about them.
Knowledge representation
The form for what you know in your mind about things, ideas, events, and so on, in the outside world.
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(The Landscape of Memory: Mental Images, Maps, and Propositions) Chapter 7 Objectives ☻ Mental Representation DIVINA o Communicating Knowledge: Pictures vs Words o Picture in Your Mind: Mental Imagery o Dual-Code Theory: Images and Symbol o Storing Knowledge as Abstract Concepts: o Propositional Theory o What is a Proposition? o Using Proposition o Do Propositional Theory and Imagery Hold Up to Their Promises? o Limitations of Mental Images o Limitations of Propositional Theory ☻ Mental Manipulation of Images HERSHEYPrinciples of Visual ImageryNeuroscience and Functional EquivalenceMental RotationsHow Does Mental Rotation Work?Intelligence and Mental RotationNeuroscience and Mental RotationGender and Mental RotationZooming in on Mental Images: Image ScalingExamining Objects: Images ScanningRepresentational Neglect ☻ Synthesizing Images and Propositions YESHADo Experimenters’ Expectations Influence Experiment Outcomes?Johnson-Laird’s Mental ModelsNeuroscience: Evidence for Multiple CodesLeft Brain or Right Brain: Where Is Information Manipulated?Two Kinds of Images: Visual vs Spatial ☻ Spatial Cognition and Cognitive Maps YESHAOf Rats, Bees, Pigeons, and HumansRules of Thumb for Using Our Mental Maps: HeuristicsCreating Maps from What You Hear: Text Maps Here are some of the questions we will explore in this chapter:

**1. What are some of the major hypotheses regarding how knowledge is represented in the mind?

  1. What are some of the characteristics of mental imagery?
  2. How does knowledge representation benefit from both images and propositions?
  3. How many conceptual knowledge and expectancies influence the way we use images? Mental Representation**  Something that stands for these people of what you know about them. Knowledge representation  The form for what you know in your mind about things, ideas, events, and so on, in the outside world.

Mental Representation of Knowledge  Direct empirical methods for observing knowledge representations are not available at present and not soon. INTROSPECTIONIST APPROACH  Observing of one’s mental state  Asking people to describe their own knowledge representations and knowledge representation processes RATIONALIST APPROACH  We try to deduce logically how people represent knowledge. Two Kinds of Knowledge Structures  1. Declarative (Knowing that)

  • Refers to facts that can be stated, such as the date of your birth, the name of your best friend, or the way a rabbit looks.  2. Procedural (knowing how)
  • Refers to knowledge of procedures that can be implemented Two Main Sources of Empirical Data on Knowledge Representation  1. Standard Laboratory Experiments - Researchers indirectly study knowledge representation because they cannot look into people’s minds directly - They observe how people handle various cognitive tasks that require the manipulation of mentally represented knowledge.  2. Neuropsychological Studies - Researchers typically use one of two methods: (1) they observe how the normal brain responds to various representation, - Or (2) they observe the links between various deficits in knowledge representation and associated pathologies in the brain. Communication Knowledge: Pictures versus Words
  • Knowledge be represented in different ways in your mind: it can be stored as a mental picture, or in words, or abstract positions. PICTURE
  • It is relatively analogous (i.e., similar) to the real-world object it represents.
  • Shows concrete attributes, such as shape and relative size. These attributes are similar to the features and properties of the real-world object the picture represent
  • Most aspects of the picture are grasped simultaneously
  • No arbitrary rules for looking at the picture
  • Capture concrete and spatial information in a manner analogous to whatever they represent. SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION
  • Meaning that the relationship between the word and what it represents is simply arbitrary
  • Because symbols are arbitrary, their use requires the application of rules. For example, in forming words, the sounds or letters also mut be sequenced according to rules
  • According to propositional theory, our mental representations (sometimes called “mentalese”) more closely resemble the abstract form of a proposition. What is a Proposition?
  • A proposition is the meaning underlying a particular relationship among concepts
  • Propositions may be used to describe any kind of relationships include actions of one thing on another, attributes of a thing, positions of a thing class membership of a thing and so on Limitations of Mental Images
  • Mental images are results of a stimulus and when asked to distort or manipulate the image at hand, it is hard to do so unless we see a visual representation of it. Limitations of Propositional Theory
  • Mental reinterpretation of ambiguous figures involves two manipulations:
  1. The first is a mental realignment of the reference frame. This realignment would involve a shift in the positional orientations of the figures on the mental “page” or “screen” on which the image is displayed. In Figure 7.6(a), the shift would be of the duck’s front to the rabbit’s back.
  2. The second manipulation is a mental reconstrual (reinterpretation) of parts of the figure. This reconstrual would be of the duck’s bill as the rabbit’s ears. Manipulations occur when participants are given the right context or hints:Implicit reference-frame hint  Participants first were shown another ambiguous figure involving realignment of the reference frame [e.g., see Figure 7.6(b); a hawk’s head/a goose’s tai, and a hawk’s tail/a goose’s head]  Explicit reference-frame hint  Participants were asked to modify the reference frame by considering either “the back of the head of the animal they had already seen as the front of the head of something else” (p.115; considered an abstract hint).  Attentional hint  Participants were directed to attend to regions of the figure where realignments or re-constructure were to occur.  Construal’s from “good” parts  Participants were asked to construe an image from parts determined to be “good” (according to both objective [geometrical] and empirical [inter-rater agreement] criteria), rather than from parts determined to be “bad” (according to similar criteria).  Functional Equivalence  Refers to individuals using about the same operations to serve about the same purposes for their respective domains.