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La congruencia de las actitudes paternales entre padres e hijos Pedro Solis-Cámara R. Marysela Díaz Romero Summary The main purpose of this study was to compare attitudes between adult parents and their adolescent children. The selected instrument, named Adult-Adolescent Parenting In- ventory (AAPI, Bavolek, 1984), has been successfully apphed in Mexico. its Spanish version the IPAA, ís a valid and relia- ble instrument (Solís-Cámara € Díaz, 1991). The (PAA mea- sures four parenting constructs (i.e., iñappropriate develo- pmenta! expectations, lack of empathy, corporal punishment, and role reversal), which are particularty useful for child abu- se diagnosis (Sotis-Cámara, Diaz 8 Meda, 1993). Literature in this fiald indicates thal behavior al problems, as well as other social attitudes, have their origin in parenting attitudes and behaviors (Webster-Stratton, 1988; Belsky, 1981). This suggests that a common set of parenting attitudes may be found in tha mambers of the same family, padiculariy between children and their parents. At present there are no studies in Mexico comparing parenting attitudes towards their chikiren, however, some studies have compared atlitudes between adult parents and adolescent chitdren (Diaz, Fonse- ca 2 Solis-Cámara, 1990; Diaz, Meda y Solis-Cámara, 1992). These studies pointed out that parents score higher on the IPAA (i.e., have more positive parenting attitudes) than ado- lescents, as should be expected. These studies, however, did not match each parent with his own child. in the present study, 263 parents (128 fathers, 135 mo- thars) and their children (n = 263; 110 boys, 153 girls) were tested with tha IPAA. A social-history questionnaire was also administered to the parents, regarding thelr current marital status, years of education, and occupalion. The iPÁA was answered by the adolescents at their schoois, and by their parents at home. The main question for this study was: Are parenting attiludes similar to those of their children?. Fo answer this question, a MANOVA was conducted with group (parents, children) and sex (male, female) as the indepan- dent variables, and the expectations, empathy, punishment, and rola reversal scores as the dependent variables. A signi- ficant main effect was found by group [E (4,522) = 22.9, p< .001] Univariate F-tests indicated significance for empathy (E (1,522)= 14.3, p < .001] and role-reversa! [E (1,522) =.87.6, 2 <.001], parants had significantiy higher scores [M = 25.2, DS = 5.9 M= 24.9, DS 2 54, respactivaly] than their chil- dren [M= 23,5, DS = 4.6; M = 21.0, DS = 4.0, respectively]. A series of secondary analyses were conducted to answer a second question stated as. Ars other secondary factors (e.9.. years of schooling) related lo parenting attitudes? Four separate MANOVA's computed With the four IPAA depen- dent variables and groups split out by sex (mothers, fathers, daughters, and sons) and years of education (elementary, secondary, higher) resulted in significant main effects by groups. Univariate F-tests indicated the following significant (p< 05) findings: In mother-daughter (n= 168,94 dyads), Laboratorio de Psicología de la Salud. Centro de investigación Biomé- dica de Occidente. Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social. Apartado Postal No. 2-322, Guadalajara, Jal. México. and father-daughter (a = 136,69 dyads) groups, role-reversal scores were higher in mothers and fathers. In father-son (a = 116,59 dyads) and mother-son (n = 102,51 dyads) groups, empathy and role-reversal scores, also were higher in bath parents, than in their respective children's scores. Consistent differences or interactions according to their occupation were not found, in either mothers or fathers. So- me significant results, however, were obtained in fathers. Those who held batter jobs (.e., technical- or higher) tended to score better, particutarty on empathy (p < .05). Main effects (o < .05) were also found in mast groups according to the years of the parents" education. Mothers and falhers with elementary school scored lower in several IPAA sub scales than parents with junior high school or higher education. Daughters and sons ol mothers, and daughters of fathers showed the same trend. Sons of fathera, however, scored the same in each sub scale, according to their fathers' level of education. In short, the results of this study indicated that in the mo- ther-son and father-son dyads, parents scoted belter in em- pathy and role-reversal than their children, but in expecta- tons and punishment the scores were similar. Between mother-daughter and father-daughter, tha lattar subscaies scores were also similar, as were parents' and daughters: scores in role-reversal. These were tha sole consistent fin- dings. The findings are discussed in terms of the relationship between attitudes and behavior. lt ís argued that expacta- tions and punishment are strongly related to specific beha- viors, and their study may bs improved by means of the bi- directional parent-child hypothesis ín mind (Maccoby, 1992). Meanwhile, empathy and role reversal, although suitable for the same testing of hypothesis, also seem to require the in- clusion of culture-dependent variables, because these paren- ting constructs appear related to specific beliefs and educa- tional practices held in specific cultures. Further research designed for centrolling such notions4s-recommended for ca- rrying out future efforts. Resumen El propósito dal prasente estudio fue comparar la con- gruencia de las actitudes paternales entre padres e hijos. El inventario Parental para Adultos y Adolescentes (IPAA), con sus cuatro escalas (expectativas inapropiadas, castigo cor- poral, inversión de rol y falta de empatía) tua administrado a los padres (n = 236) y a los adolescentes (n = 236) de la misma familia. Los resultados indican que los padres califi- can más allo que sus hijos en empatía e inversión del rol. En cambio, por grupos de díadas, en los de padre-hijo y madre- hijo. los resultados fueron semejantes a los mencionados, y en los de madre-hija y padre-hija sólo se encontraron dife- rencias en la escala de inversión. Los análisis secundarios de los grupos de ambos padres con sus respectivos hijos e hijas mostraron que al mejarar la educación escolar de los padres, sus actítudes paternales mejoraban. Se obsemó ta tendencia a mostrar mejoras actitudes paternales, cuando Salud Menta! Y. 19, No. 1, marzo de 1996 21 
