The Roman and Celtic Influences on Early England: A Historical Overview - Prof. Chivite, Apuntes de Idioma Inglés

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THE ROMAN AND CELTIC WORLDS

Before England: Celtics and Romans

• (^) Origins: Indo-European the Bronze Age Celtic invasions and settlement (600 bc) The Britons. Religion.
• (^) The Roman Conquest (from 55/54 bc onwards) and Britannia –Hibernia-Caledonia (43 ad; Emperor Claudius). Queen Boudicca (circa 60 ad; today’s Norfolk) - (^) Romano-British culture flourishes in hybridity (up to 4th c. ad). - (^) Roman Christianity introduced. Emperor Constantine the Great (4th-c) and St. Patrick (5th. c.)

• (^) Roman departure from Britannia ( circa 407 ad)
• (^) Traditional historical accounts of such chaotic era

claim that the Britons or Romano-Celts call the

Saxon, Angle and Jute tribes of Germans as

mercenaries against Scot and Pict raidings and

piracies. These mercenaries would eventually turn

upon their employers and have instead Britannia

for themselves ( circa 450 ad)

The Christian and Germanic Contributions

• (^) Germanic origins of the Anglo-Saxons (see map on p. 19), yet they had incorportated Latin words (through trading exchange).
• (^) Meanwhile the Celts were forced into the corners of the island and Ireland)(see map on p. 14)
• (^) The history or legend of Arthur. Gildas (mid- 6th c.), the earliest Celtic (Welsh) historian.

The Christianizing of Anglo-Saxon England

• (^) Two processes at work, occasionally developing in parallel: Celtic evangelization and Roman Christianizing.
• (^) The Celtic Irish Church :
  • (^) origins
  • (^) Missionary structure, unlike Roman Church
  • (^) St. Columa and Iona ; St. Aidan and Lindisfarne monastery (Northumbria), St Brendan
  • (^) When they extend their conversing missions, they meet Roman Christianity in Northumbria ( circa 6th)

• (^) Roman Christianity
  • (^) Introduced in Britannia by Emperor Constantine

the Great (4th-c.)

• (^) By the end of the 7th-c. Pope Gregory the Great

institutes missionary efforts for the conversion of

the pagan Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. St.

Agustine (first Archbishop of Canterbury) at Kent;

Paulinus, one of his men, wins the conversion of

King Edwin of Northumbria.

• (^) The Northumbrian Renaissance brings about a

true wealth of knowledge and learning from the

conversion of Anglo-Saxon England.

• (^) Christian monasteries of England (see map on p. 14)
• (^) Centres of learning, teaching of Latin, Greek, music, astronomy, medicine.
• (^) Bede, Boniface and Alcuin departed from Northumbria.

• (^) Yet Anglo-Saxon Christianity still retained traces of pre- Christian rituals and symbols of worship: magic, superstition, love of warfare metaphors (“ thanes of God”), wyrd or fate.
• (^) The most important contribution of Anglo-Saxon Christianity is the introduction of Latin as the language of knowledge and culture, to the detriment of the runes (Celtic alphabet) carved on hard substances. Yet some runic characters are retained, “thorn”, since Latin characters were not wholly ideal for early English scribes. Old English thus absorbs a host of Latin words.

Runic inscriptions

The mystery of Sutton Hoo A burial place at Woodbridge, Suffolk (Easter England), which hosts the archeological remains of an Anglo- Saxon king (probably an East-Anglian monarch, that might date back from the 6th-9th centuries). SEE www.historiaclasica.com/. ../el-misterio-de-sutton- hoo.html