Celtic and Roman World, Apuntes de Idioma Inglés

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THE ROMAN AND CELTIC WORLDS

Before England: Celtics and

Romans

• (^) Origins: Indo-European the Bronze Age Celtic invasions and settlement (600 bc) The Britons. Religion.
• (^) The Roman Conquest (from 55/54 bc onwards) and Britannia –Hibernia- Caledonia (43 ad; Emperor Claudius). Queen Boudicca (circa 60 ad; today’s Norfolk) - (^) Romano-British culture flourishes in hybridity (up to 4th c. ad). - (^) Roman Christianity introduced. Emperor Constantine the Great (4th-c) and St. Patrick (5th. c.)

• (^) Roman departure from Britannia ( circa 407 ad)
• (^) Traditional historical accounts of such chaotic era claim that the Britons or Romano-Celts call the Saxon, Angle and Jute tribes of Germans as mercenaries against Scot and Pict raidings and piracies. These mercenaries would eventually turn upon their employers and have instead Britannia for themselves ( circa 450 ad)

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• (^) By 615 Anglo-Saxon control of England
• (^) Anglo-Saxon settlements (Jutes, Anglos and

Saxons; see map) and the Anglo-Saxon

Heptarchy, whose kingdoms fought among

themselves for political hegemony until the

mid-9th c.

• (^) Roman Christianity
  • (^) Introduced in Britannia by Emperor Constantine the Great (4th-c.)
  • (^) By the end of the 7th-c. Pope Gregory the Great institutes missionary efforts for the conversion of the pagan Anglo-Saxons to Christianity. St. Agustine (first Archbishop of Canterbury) at Kent; Paulinus, one of his men, wins the conversion of King Edwin of Northumbria.

• (^) The differences between the Celtic Church (in ritual and symbolism; calendar differences about Easter; disclaim of papal authority; and allowing marriage of its clergy) and the Roman Church are decided in favour of the Roman Church, after the Anglo-Saxon conquest, in the Synod of Whitby (in 664). CONSEQUENCES:
• (^) In the kingdom of Northumbria Celtic Christianity and the Roman Church meet. * it provides all England with the first unified form of worship and national religious structure, tying England to Europe.

• Northumbrian Renaissance, by the 8th c.

• (^) Yet Anglo-Saxon Christianity still retained traces of pre-Christian rituals and symbols of worship: magic, superstition, love of warfare metaphors (“ thanes of God”), wyrd or fate.
• (^) The most important contribution of Anglo-Saxon Christianity is the introduction of Latin as the language of knowledge and culture, to the detriment of the runes (Celtic alphabet) carved on hard substances. Yet some runic characters are retained, “thorn”, since Latin characters were not wholly ideal for early English scribes. Old English thus absorbs a host of Latin words.

THE RUNES AND THE RUNIC ALPHABET RUNIC CHARACTERS THE RUNIC ALPHABET

The mystery of Sutton Hoo

• A burial place at Woodbridge, Suffolk (Easter England), which hosts the archeological remains of an Anglo-Saxon king (probably an East- Anglian monarch, that might date back from the 6th-9th centuries).
• SEE www.historiaclasica.com/.../el- misterio-de-sutton-hoo.html