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Learning and Behavior: Reflexes, Sensitization, Habituation, and Emotional Responses, Apuntes de Psicología Social

Universidad de Sevilla (US)Psicología Social

The concepts of reflexes, sensitization, and habituation as forms of learning involving one stimulus. It discusses the plasticity of elicited behavior, the effect of repeated exposures, and the role of stimulus intensity in shaping these responses. Additionally, it introduces the Solomon & Corbit model of emotional affective learning, which explains the opposing processes of emotional reactions to new and accustomed stimuli.

Tipo: Apuntes

2019/2020

Subido el 30/03/2020

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Elicited Behavior and learning
involving one stimulus ( pre-
associative)
1- Reflex responses :
A reflex action is an automatic neuromuscular action elicited by a
defined stimulus . In most contexts , especially involving humans , a
reflex aerc ( although this is not always true in other animals , or in
more casual usage of the term reflex ) .
Evoked : to a stimulus that had to be presented .
Balistic functioning : Quick behaviors to specific stimulus
2 – learning involving one stimulus ( PRE-ASSOCIATE ) :
Changes in unconditionzl behavior as a result of repeated expsures
to the stimulus ( experience ) .
_ Plasticity of the elicited behavior ( it is not fixed )
_ Effect of repeated exposures :
. Increase of the elicited responses ( senstization )
. Decreased of the elicited responses ( habituation )
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Elicited Behavior and learning

involving one stimulus ( pre-

associative)

1- Reflex responses : A reflex action is an automatic neuromuscular action elicited by a defined stimulus. In most contexts , especially involving humans , a reflex aerc ( although this is not always true in other animals , or in more casual usage of the term reflex ). Evoked : to a stimulus that had to be presented. Balistic functioning : Quick behaviors to specific stimulus 2 – learning involving one stimulus ( PRE-ASSOCIATE ) : Changes in unconditionzl behavior as a result of repeated expsures to the stimulus ( experience ). _ Plasticity of the elicited behavior ( it is not fixed ) _ Effect of repeated exposures :

. Increase of the elicited responses ( senstization ) . Decreased of the elicited responses ( habituation )

  • Adpative function : adjustment of the organism to the environment. EFFECT OF REPEATED EXPOSURES Variables affecting to habituation and sensitization processes. _ STIMULUS INTENSITY : SENSITIZATION : increase in the level of the original response to a stimulus due to repeated exposure. HABITUATION : decrease in the level of the original responses to a stimulus due to repeated exposure of the stimukus , not due to sensory adaptation or muscle fatigue. SENSITIZATION + HABITUATION : The processes can occur together , as in the case of rat startling
  • WAYS OF STIMULUS PRESENTATION :  MASSIVE • Sensitization: more probable (with intense stimulus)  • Habituation faster but shorter (short term habituation)

 Homeostatic theory.  When a stimulus breaks stability, an opponent process is triggered to compensate the change  The basic function of the phisiological mechanisms that control emotional behaviors is to minimize all deviations from emotional stability and/or neutrality  The actual behavior is a function of the net result of both processes. In the emotional affective case it happens the same, for example, some newlyweds are very affectionate and affectionate to each other, but as the years go by together, this stops showing so often, habituation arises, however, in pairs that they have been together for many years, if one of them loses the other due to illness or death, the affective post-effect is even greater and the suffering is very great.

  1. Emotional pattern before new stimuli: an intense primary reaction in the presence of the stimulus is followed by an opposite post-reaction in the absence of said stimulus that is maintained for a short time. The characteristic pattern of the affective reaction corresponding to new

stimuli is: higher peak, slow adaptation phase, high stable level and weak and short duration affective postreaction.

  1. Emotional pattern before accustomed stimuli: a weak primary reaction, close to affective neutrality, in the presence of the stimulus is followed by an intense post- reaction in the absence of said stimulus that persists for a relatively long time. The characteristic pattern of the affective reaction corresponding to inhabited stimuli is: low peak, rapid adaptation phase, low stable level and intense and long lasting affective postreaction. Characteristics of the process a:
  • It depends on the characteristics of the stimulus (it is greater if the stimulus is intense). If the stimulus is constant, the process will also remain constant.
    • It depends on the appearance and disappearance of the stimulus: they start and end on par.
    • The emotional reaction follows the characteristic pattern described by the theory of the opposing processes of Solomon and Corbit (phase of growth, adaptation, stable state of the affective reaction and decay of postreaction).
    • It is the algebraic sum of the two opposing processes.