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English Grammar

PRESENT

SIMPLE

• (^) - s Permanent situations. Routines. State general thoughts. Describe the plots of films and books.

• (^) Don’t / doesn’t + verb ? (^) Do/Does + S + V...? PRESENT CONTINUOUS

• (^) Am / Is / Are + V - ing. Present moment. Suggest an action is temporary. Now, at the moment, at present, just. Changing or developing situations. Always or continually for criticise. Actions is begun but not finished.

Am not / isn’t / aren’t + V - ing. ? (^) Am / Is / Are + S + V-ing? PAST SIMPLE

• (^) - ed Completed actions and event in the past. Sequence of actions. Permanent or long – term situations. Repeated events.

• (^) Didn’t + verb ? (^) Did + S + Verb? PAST CONTINUOUS

• (^) Was / Were + V-ing. Activity beginning before a past action (past simple) and continuing until or after it. For two thing happening at the same time. Repeated events, with always. For unfulfiled plans, with verbs: hope, plan...

• (^) Wasn’t / Weren’t + V-ing ? (^) Was / Were + S + V-ing?

USED TO +

VERB

WOULD +

VERB

• (^) Used to + verb Would + Verb To talk about past hàbits when we are emphasising that they are not longer true. Would desccribe actions. Used to describe actions and states. Adverbs + used to...

• (^) Didn’t use to + verb Wouldn’t + Verb ? (^) Did + S + use to + V? Would + S + V? BE USED TO

• ING/ NOUN GET USED TO + ING /NOUN

Be + used to + V-ing / noun Get + used to + V- ing/noun. Be used to: means be accoustomed to. Get used to: means gradually become accustomed to. Can be followed by - ing or noun/pronoun. Can be past, present or future.

Be not + used to + V- ing / noun Get not + used to + V- ing / noun ? Be + S + used to + V

• ing/noun? Get + S + used to + V - ing/noun?

FUTURE

PRESENT

SIMPLE

• (^) - s For timetables (planes, buses, leaving or arriving) For programmes For people if their plans are fixed by a timetable.

• (^) Don’t / doesn’t + verb ? (^) Do/Does + S + V...? FUTURE PRESENT CONTINUOUS

• (^) Am / Is / Are + V - ing.

• (^) For plans which have already been arranged. Am not / isn’t / aren’t + V - ing. ? (^) Am / Is / Are + S + V-ing? WILL FUTURE

• (^) Will + Verb For^ decisions^ made^ at^ the^ moment^ of^ speaking. Is uncertain. With probably, maybe, think, expect and hope. For situations that we predict. For something in the future which doesn’t depend on personal judgement.

• (^) Won’t + Verb ? (^) Will + S + Verb? GOING TO

Am / is / are going to + verb For^ future^ actions^ which^ we^ have^ already^ decided about. To predict something when we already see evidence for our prediction.

Am not / isn’t / aren’t going to + verb ? Am / is / are + S + going to + verb? FUTURE IN THE PAST WAS/WERE GOING TO

Was/ Were + going to + verb (^) To talk about something which was planned but didn’t hapen. To show that we don’t mind changing our plans.

Wasn’t / Weren’t + going to

• verb ? Was / Were + S + going to + verb?

RULES AND OBLIGATION

MUST

To give orders, for written notices or for strong advices, including ourselves. It is only used in present or future. HAVE TO (^) For habits and when the obligation does not come from the speaker. MUSTN’T (^) Don’t do it. DON’T HAVE TO (^) It’s not necessary to do it. HAVE / HASN’T GOT TO Use it in the speech and informal writing instead of have to. Refers to a particular action and when we refer to the past, we use had to. SHOULD When we are talking about the right thing to do. To talk about the past, we use SHOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE. NECESSITY NEED TO (^) In past form is needed to. ASKING FOR AND GIVING PERMISSION CAN, COULD, MAY Can I…? Is a simple request, expect the answer yes. Could I…? It is more polite. May I…? It is a more formal request, used for a strangers. Can be used in written notices to say what is or is not allowed.

MAKING REQUESTS (TO ASK SOMEONE ELSE TO DO SOMETHING)

CAN, WILL, COULD,

WOULD

Can you…? Informal conversations. Will you…? Could you…? More polite. Would you…? Would you mind + v-ing…? Very polite. MAKING OFFERS Can I help you to…? Shall we clean…? I can/could/ will lend you… Why don’t I…? Would you like to…? MAKING SUGGESTIONS Let’s + infinitive Shall I/we + infinitive….? Why don’t I/we/you + infinitive…? How about + v-ing…? What about + v-ing…?

DEDUCTION: CERTAINTY AND POSSIBILITY.

TRUE NOT TRUE PRESENT CERTAINTY (^) MUST + INFINITIVE CAN’T

• INFINITVE COULDN’T POSSIBILITY MAY
• INFINITIVE MIGHT NOT MIGHT + INFINITVE MAY NOT COULD PAST CERTAINTY (^) MUST HAVE + PAST PART. CAN’T HAVE
• PAST PART. COULDN’T HAVE POSSIBILITY MIGHT HAVE
• PAST PART. MAY NOT HAVE MAY HAVE^ + PAST PART. MIGHT NOT HAVE COULD HAVE EXPECTATIONS SHOULD (NOT) + INFINITIVE When we expect something will happen. When we discover that a situation is not as we expected. SHOULD (NOT) + HAVE
• PAST PARTICIPLE When talk about a past situation.

THE PASSIVE

TO BE + PAST

PARTICIPLE

We use it when we don’t know who or what did something. The action is more important than who did it. It is obvious who or what did something. Can use BY + SUBJECT to show who/what did the action if this information is important. TO GET/ HAVE SOMETHING DONE When we ask someone else to do something for us, we use the structure HAVE SOMETHING DONE. In informal speech, we often use get instead of have. IT IS SAID THAT We often use IT + PASSIVE + THAT when we report what people in general say or believe. It is said that… It was believed that… It was agreed that… It has been announced that…. It was thought that…. It’s reported that….

PREPOSITIONS IN RELATIVE CLAUSES.

When there is a preposition attached to a relative pronoun: We usually put the preposition at the end of the clause. In informal English, we can put it at the beginning followed by WHICH OR WHERE. We cannot use us that after a preposition in a relative clause. We can use preposition + which instead of where. NUMBERS AND PRONOUNS + OF WHOM / OF WHICH Non (^) – defining relative clauses can start with a number or pronoun + of whom / of which. All Some Most None Each A few Neither

• of whom
• of which.

REPORTED SPEECH

Direct Speech Reported Speech Present simple Past Simple Present Continuous Past Continuous Past Simple Past Perfect Present Perfect Past Perfect Past Perfect Past Perfect Am / is / are going to Was / Were going to Will Would Can Could Might Might Must Had to Could Would Used to Must (deduction) Should Mustn’t Might Ough to Don’t change. If the reporting verb is in the present tense, we use the same tenses as the original speaker. If the reporting verb is in the past, we sometimes use the same tenses as the original speaker if the situation is still true.

CONDITIONALS

ZERO CONDITIONAL

IF + PRESENT TENSE, + CONSEQUENCE USING PRESENT

We use this to state general truths. If means the same as when. FIRST CONDITIONAL

IF + PRESENT TENSE, + CONSEQUENCE WILL.

We use this for a condition which we believe is possible. If doesn’t mean the same as when. Sometime we use the imperative followed by and to express this kind of condition. The imperative comes first. SECOND CONDITIONAL

IF + PAST TENSE, + CONSEQUENCE USING WOULD + VERB.

We use this for an imaginary condition. We often use were instead of was in the IF clause. It is more formal and is used to give advice. THIRD CONDITIONAL

IF + PAST PERFECT, + CONSEQUENCE USING WOULD HAVE + PAST PARTICIPLE

To talk about past events which cannot be changed. Condition is impossible and consequence is imaginary. MIGHT / COULD can be used instead of WOULD. MIXED CONDITIONALS We sometimes meet sentences which contain a mixture of second and third conditional because of their particular context.

CONJUCTIONS

UNLESS

If NOT. Is used with the present tense to talk about a condition in the present or future. IN CASE Shows that an action is taken to prepare for a possible event or situation. Present tense: a present actions prepares us for a future event. Past simple: shows that you did something because another thing might happen later. PROVIDED/PROVIDING THAT AS/SO LONG AS These expression are used with a present tense to talk about the future. They have a similar meaning to IF: IF, UNLESS, IN CASE, PROVIDED THAT, PROVIDING THAT, AS LONG AS, SO LONG AS, WHEN, UNTIL, AFTER, BEFORE, AS SOON AS… are followed by the present tense to talk about the future. OTHERWISE/ OR ELSE Means “because If not” IT’S TIME WOULD RATHER (NOT) These expressions are followed by past simple with a present meaning. When the subject of would rather is the same as the following verb, we use infinitive without to. I WISH IF ONLY

• Past simple: to express a wish about a present situation.
• Past Perfect: To express a wish or regret about the past. It’s like 3rd^ conditional.
• would: when we express a wish for something to happen now or in the future or someone to do something.

QUESTION TAGS

If the statement is positive, the tag is NEGATIVE. If the statement is negative, the tag is negative With do/does/did for all verbs in present or past simple, To be: question tag in verb to be. With the same auxiliary or modal as in the statement for verbs in other sentences. The question tag for I AM is AREN’T. The question tag for I’M NOT is AM I. The question tag for LET’S is SHALL WE. Uses: To check that what we have just said is true and to ask for information. AGREEING WITH STATEMENTS With the verb to be or with a modal: With an auxiliary verb He was really angry So was I I went to Spain last year^ So did they. He can’t speak French Nor can we I don’t want to have a fight about it Neither do I.

COMPARATIVE AND SUPERLATIVE ADJECTIVES

COMPARATIVE SUPERLATIVE

ONE SYLLABE - er^ - est (^) B / D/ G/ N/ P. DOUBLE THE LAST LETTER More: Comparative + than.... Less: negative so/as + comp + as Less + comp + than Equal: S + as + adj + as TWO SYLLABE Drop^ - y and add^ - ier^ Drop - y and add - iest THREE SYLLABES OR MORE. More + adjective (^) Most + adjective IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES Good Better^ Best Bad Worse^ Worst Far Farther^ Farthest ADJECTIVE FORM ADJECTIVES - ED Describe our feelings ADJECTIVES - ING Describe the things which make us feel like this. ADJECTIVE POSITION In front of the woird they describe. Can follow verbs: be, get, become, look, seem, appear, sound, taste, smell and feel. Nouns can be used as an adjective. ORDER. Begin with adjectives which give an opinion or general impression. A/ AN (^) Size Age Shape Colour Origin Material Purpose Noun