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2. VERB COMPLEMENTATION
2.1. Types of predicate Basic Clause Patterns (unmarked combinations of obligatory elements)
Clause Pattern Name Example S P (Pure) Intransitive The building collapsed
S P ACs
S Pi ACs Adverbial Intransitive We went to Rome S Pc ACs Adverbial Intensive/Copulative Their house is near the park
S P Cs
S Pc Cs (Pure or Predicative) Intensive/Copulative
You are very smart
S Pi Cs Complex Intransitive He arrived sober S P Od Monotransitive They’ve bought a new house S P O O S P Oi Od^ Ditransitive I sent her a post-card SP Od Oi I sent a post-card to her S P O Co Complex Transitive The jury found him guilty S P O ACo Adverbial Complex Transitive He put his coat on the table
Marginal S P O Cs e.g. They served the coffee blindfolded She made him a good wife S P OI OD Co e.g. They served us our coffee black
Derived Clause Patterns: marked combinations of obligatory elements as a result of syntactic transformations: Passive e.g. They haven’t published his new book (SPO) His new books has not been published (SP) Interr.Cl. formation: e.g. I sent her a post-card (SPOiOd) What did you send her? (OdPSPOi) Fronting e.g. I don’t like beans (SPO) Beans I don’t like (OSP) Clefting e.g. The Jury found the President guilty (SPOCo) It was the President that the Jury found guilty (S PCsS [SP(O)Co]) …
Verbs with multiple patterns of complementation
DRIVE e.g. She was driving her new car MAKE e.g. She made him a good husband Don’t drink and drive She made (him) a good wife He drives me crazy She made (him) a teddy-bear
2.2. Intensive complementation (Pc + Cs/ACs) and complex-intransitive complementation
Clause Pattern Name Example S Pc Cs S Pc Cs [AP/Ind NP] Ascriptive or characterizing intensive const. She is very nice/a nice girl S Pc Cs [Def NP] Equative or identifying intensive const. She is my sister S Pc ACs [PP] Adverbial intensive const. Their house is near the park
S Pi Cs Complex intransitive He arrived sober
Intensive verbs Stative be ( seem , look , appear , remain , keep , stay , feel , sound , smell , taste , make up ) Dynamic become ( turn ( into , out ), go , get , fall , come , end up , grow , prove )
Asignatura obligatoria (2º cuatrimestre 2012-13) Grado en Estudios Ingleses BELÉN SORIA CLIVILLÉS
Realization of Cs NP e.g. Mortimer seems an unlikely candidate for Mayor Betty remains the only woman astronaut in the programme
PP e.g. They are in love / under arrest / out of breath / in good health The plane from Iceland is on time She served as treasurer
AP
Adj + PP : angry , glad , happy , mad , worried , pleased about … angry , brilliant , good , terrible , pleased , delighted at … afraid , ashamed , capable , certain , fond , full , glad , proud , convinced , scared , tired of … dependent , keen , reliant , based , bent on / upon … different , distant , free , remote from … close , liable , due , similar , inclined , allied , opposed to … angry , busy , familiar , sick , uneasy , annoyed , concerned , obsessed , pleased with … interested , confident in …
Adj + to -inf: there are different constructions where an adjective is followed by a to -infinitive clause; although all of them are superficially alike, they turn out to be quite different on closer inspection:
1. Ed was keen to see the manuscript a. The (understood) subject of the infinitive is recovered from the subject of the superordinate clause. b. The adjective expresses a 2-place semantic predicate ("x was keen for x to see the manuscript, for x=Ed). c. A new subject can be introduced by for in the infinitive clause: e.g. Ed was keen for Jane to see the manuscript. d. There are not alternative structures with the infinitive as subject: e.g. * (For Ed) to see the manuscript was keen or with an extraposed that -clause e.g. * It was keen that Ed saw the manuscript e. Adjectives in this construction: eager , reluctant , glad , sorry , able , hesitant 2. Ed was likely to see the manuscript a. The (understood) subject of the infinitive is recovered from the subject of the superordinate clause. b. The adjective expresses a one-place semantic predicate: e.g. cf That Ed saw the manuscript was likely. c. The infinitive cannot contain an overt subject e.g. * Ed was likely for me to see the manuscript. d. There is an alternative construction with anticipatory it and extraposed that -clause: e.g. It was likely that Ed saw the manuscript. e. Adjectives in this construction: certain , sure , likely
Asignatura obligatoria (2º cuatrimestre 2012-13) Grado en Estudios Ingleses BELÉN SORIA CLIVILLÉS
The S Pc ACs Pattern
Significant degree of overlap between verbs taking both a Cs and an ACs: some are clearly ‘copular’ ( be ), while others fall rather on the ‘intransitive’ side ( go ):
Cs ACs The letter was open The letter was on the table Sue remained calm Sue remained outside She stayed calm She stayed inside They got angry They got into the car He went mad He went to hospital
Other copular verbs (e.g. become , seem , sound ) accept Cs but not ACs He became anxious *He became in the city centre
Adverbial Complements tend to be semantically locative (temporal or spatial), but they can have other ‘circumstantial’ roles: PURPOSE The sandwiches are for the trip MEANS Payment is by credit card only RECIPIENT This book is for you AGENT The film was by a famous actor
The S Pi Cs [‘Complex Intransitive’] Pattern: S P Cs He arrived sober The lecturer fell silent
Matthews (1980: 41-49) rejects the intensive analysis for this type of examples, arguing that the verb is more than a mere copula and should thus be treated as an intransitive verb with subject-oriented complementation, hence the term “complex intransitive” by parallelism with the “complex transitive” construction: e.g. He died a poor man They married young He came in drunk They parted good friends
Asignatura obligatoria (2º cuatrimestre 2012-13) Grado en Estudios Ingleses BELÉN SORIA CLIVILLÉS
2.3 Transitive Complementation
Monotransitive : S P Od e.g. They’ve bought a new house Realization of Od NP : The policeman arrested the burglar → The burglar was arrested by the police Problem cases: a. Extent, measure, and ‘middle’ verbs: Extent e.g. He ran a mile Measure e.g. The book costs ten dollars It weighed almost a ton ‘Middle’ e.g. They have a small house Denis lacks confidence b. Prepositional verbs:
- with passivization: e.g. They objected to the plan → The plan was objected to John searched for the key → The key was searched for
- without passivization: e.g. The book belongs to John This reminds me of my school days A rabbit darted across the tennis court She slipped into her dressing gown Finite Cl. : a. that- Cl. e.g. I think ( that ) you're right
Main Verb Mood in that -cl. Factual agree admit claim declare insist report …
Indicative e.g. He admitted that he was guilty They declared that they were innocent
Suasive command demand determine insist order recommend request require …
Putative should e.g. John recommends that we should go People are demanding that he should leave Mandative subjunctive e.g. People are demanding that she leave immediately They recommend that you be here tomorrow Indicative (only Br.E.) e.g. People are demanding that she leaves I suggest that she returns immediately
Emotive deplore marvel regret rejoice wonder …
Indicative e.g. I regret that she worries about it Putative should e.g. He deplored that I should feel that way I regret that she should not be ready yet
Hypothetical suppose wish would rather …
Hypothetical past / were subjunctive e.g. I wish you were here Suppose one of us died I’d rather you didn’t mention the price Table 3. Mood in that -cl. conditioned by verb in main clause
b. Interr. Cl.: Yes/No Type e.g. They could not confirm whether the plan had landed Wh -Type e.g. I wonder where I put my glasses c. Nom. Rel. Cl.: e.g. I don’t remember what she said
PASSIVIZATION
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Ditransitive : S P Oi Od e.g. She found him a lovely villa S P OD OI She found a lovely villa for him (cf. She found him a devoted student S P O Co) Realization patterns a. NP as both Oi and Od e.g. They gave John a surprise I sent Sue a copy I ordered Sue a copy John was given a surprise Sue was sent a copy? Sue was ordered a copy ? A surprise was given John? A copy was sent Sue * A copy was ordered Sue A surprise was given to John A copy was sent to Sue A copy was ordered for Sue
b. NP as Od, PP as Oi e.g. She cooked dinner for me Can I ask a favour of you I played a game of chess with/against him
c. NP as OI, PP as OD e.g. We reminded him of his promise
Some verbs allow the three possibilities: e.g. She told me the truth a. NP as both Oi and Od She told the truth to me b. NP as Od, PP as Oi She told me about the truth c. NP as OI, PP as OD others only two: e.g. I offered her some help a. NP as both Oi and Od I offered some help to her b. NP as Od, PP as Oi or just one: e.g. They wished me good luck a. NP as both Oi and Od She did never say that to me b. NP as Od, PP as Oi He warned me of the dangers c. NP as Oi, PP as Od
d. PP as Oi, that -Cl. as Od e.g. He wrote to me that his daughter had married a famous Soviet orchestra conductor e. NP as Oi, wh -Cl. as Od e.g. Adela asked Ronald what time the trial would be She showed me how to grow beans f. NP as Oi, to -inf as Od e.g. The barrister counseled the defendant to plead guilty.
Some special cases: a. Monotransitive use of ditransitive verbs: With possible change of type of O She teaches the first-year students introductory logic SP Oi Od She teaches introductory logic S P Od She teaches the first-year students S P??Od/Oi They fined us $100 S P Oi Od They fined us S P ??Od/Oi * They fined $ They charged us $100 S P Oi Od They charged us S P ??Od/Oi They charged $ With understood Oi She gave us $ She gave $ He offered them some cakes He offered some cakes Without understood Oi We made them some cakes We made some cakes He read them a story He read a story
Asignatura obligatoria (2º cuatrimestre 2012-13) Grado en Estudios Ingleses BELÉN SORIA CLIVILLÉS
b. Non-Prepositional/Prepositional Objects With no change in the order of complements I envied him his freedom S P Oi Od I envied him for his freedom S P ??Od/Oi ??A/Od I can’t forgive him his lies S P Oi Od I can’t forgive him for his lies ??Od/Oi ??A/Od With change in the order of complements and different prepositions He supplies arms to the rebels S P Od Oi He supplies the rebels with arms S P Oi Od He blamed the accident on Kim S P Od Oi He blamed Kim for the accident S P Oi Od (cf. She sprayed paint onto the wall S P Od A She sprayed the wall with paint S P ??Od/Oi A She loaded hay onto the cart S P Od A She loaded the cart with hay S P ??Od/Oi A)
Complex-transitive : S P O Co e.g. I find him interesting
Realization of Co : a. AP e.g. I like my coffee hot (CURRENT) Her cries drive me mad (RESULTING) b. NP e.g. They elected him president c. PP e.g. They consider him ( as ) a genius We accept him as our leader d. -ed participle causative verbs e.g. I had my watch repaired volitional verbs e.g. I want/need the work done perceptual verbs e.g. I heard my name announced
Adverbial Complex Transitive : S P O ACo e.g. He put his coat on the table
Significant degree of overlap between verbs taking both a Co and an ACo: Co ACo I kept it handy I kept it in the drawer He drove them mad He drove them to the bank They left me unmoved They left me in the waiting-room They got me angry They got to the shore He went mad He went to hospital
Other copular verbs (e.g. call , make , render ) accept Co but not ACo: They called him stupid / *They called him in the wrong team She made him happy / * She made him onto the platform
2.4. Intransitive Patterns
Pure Intransitive : S P e.g. The building collapsed a. Verbs which never take an object e.g. die , disappear , happen , rise… b. Verbs which are typically transitive but can be used without an object (i.e. intransitively) without change of meaning e.g. approach , drink , drive , help , leave , play , win… They are eating prawns They are eating/I haven’t eaten yet He teaches chemistry He’s teaching I’m reading a novel I can’t read She smokes cigars Do you smoke?
