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Essentials of Chinese Grammar for Students, Travelers 8 Businesspeople Trad. = Traditional; Simp. = Simplified ta pi pd TONES When a third tone is followed by another third, it changes to a second tone, making the syllables a secondhird combination. .. ni háo (hello) + ni hño Chinese is a tonal language, There are four tones in hén háo (very good) — hén háo Mandarin Chinese: first tone, flat and high-pitched; — When followed by a first, second or fourth tone, a txird tone is pronounced with only the dipping part (1.e., without the rising toward the end), forming a so-called “halFthird” tone. This half-ahird tone is normally the lowest note one could produce. ¡sed in questions , 4 nel . A Note that any third-tone change occurs only orally, and is not reflected in the marking of the diacritic marks in English; third tone, dipping, low first, shen rising, y¡ g By halfiway up; fourth tone, falling, like a firm “Ni in English. These four tones are indicated by “.',”. and *, respectively, and marked over the vowel in a second tone, rising. similar to tone and “bu,” the two characters that mean “one” and “no,” are pronounced with a first tone (y1) and a fourth (bi) standing alone. When used in a combination, however, there are tone changes for both characters. Ye yi+0 E E yl, ér, sin one, two, three yllable (EX: má. má, má, adi dmetial yl + first, second, third —A.—4, —H yi tión. yi nián, yi zhóng one day, one year, one kind e nea ars ancatla yi + founh —ME,— 4. — 4 yi ke, yi yáng, yí jión onellesson, the same, one piece because they distinguish words from one another. Buzbú+0 There is also the neutral tone (indicated by not bis + first, second, third Ark, RÍE, AH búchi, bú na, bú xiáng not eat, not take, not feel like placing any dincritic mark), and its pitch changes bú + fourth FALAA RA búyio, bú qu, búshi notwant, not go, not be changes are oral, and whether the tone mark reflects any tone change in “yi"” and “bu” is at the discretion of the person according to the tone preceding it who ná . When “uo” combines with the labial initial b, p, m, and f, the “u” in it drops out. lidad EX: bú “wave,” pó “to break,” mó *1o touch,” fó “buddha" The most widely adopicd Romanization system for Chinese sounds is called Pinyin, 3 When "6" combines with a palatal initial q, or , the umlsut drops out nd.” lt consists of three parts: an initial, a final, and a tone mark Ex e o go” dE 8 0 Il. Finals 4 occur without an initial, “i" changes to “y pot ié — y, “also ióng — yóng, “lo use “ing.” instead of replacing *i” with a “y” add a “y” before it when there ale Jaieijao ou [an | en [amg | eng omg [er ie | ini iso | iu [ian | in [ing | img _iong is no initial. u jua] uo |uai ai vam | un | uang eng EX: Ty m reason” ing — ying, “hawk” T T When “iu” occurs without an initñal, it is spelled “you,” as in yóu, “to have,” yón, * ú ie ñan| ún . When finals beginning with “u” occur without an initial, “u” changes to “w.* 6 wó,“I" uán— wán, “bowl” uáng — wing, “king” "4 occurs without an initial, add a “a”* before it, thus: PINYIN SPELLING RULES 1. Positioning of Tone Marks Every tone is indicated by placing its tone mark above the vowel in the final, as in an “e” afer the "wo" tá “he,” mén “door.” If more than one vowel in the final (EX: ai, ua, is0), place the EX: ul wei, “great” ul — wi, “stomach"” one mark over the vowel that is second to last, as in hdi “black . When finals beginning with “ú,” including “ú,” occur without an initial, the umlaut “strange”; however, if that vowel happens to be drops out and a “y” is added bel the last vowel, as in xiá “down,” shui “sleep. EX: di —yú, “jade” lan — pun tial, in addition to “u” changing to “w,” add xido “small, ún — yún, “cloud” E Radical E - z WRITING SYSTEM rea | horse | ma [y | [shall [os] 40] [to show | si 3%] mata, sd FORMATION OF heart | xn wood [mi | || finesilk [mi | [gold CHARACTERS a, ñ hand | shóu | 4 votes | sl | | coming [1 B| bird at A + Semantic Elements | person sun, E hué | ||speceh | yán | 4 a pa EA Slot jos ji jejejeje de Although these parts sometimes | Power | li A moon | yué | A [eye |mú | H||íoot [zm [4% | tocat | shi * stand alone, most characters , Phonetic Elements STROKE ORDER — TRADITIONALCHARACTERS € SIMPLIFIED somsist Of two or more parts. EX: 59 19,90% of modem characters are a combination When — you write 2 CHARACTERS Em, when standing alone, fa semantic part (radical) and a phonetic element. character, it is important ln order lo make veelilog dleutctars easias; ln ala) but when combined Many characters have similar sounds because ofthe 10 follow the proper stroke Chinese govemment has simplified many characters since 1 “to drape,” we have — common phonetic parts they share. The phonetic order so the character ¡he 19505, The simplified characters, MARE jiantla, are Bb shui, “to sleep." H mú, the elementin a character serves as an effective 1001 for. looks proportionally and standard in mainland China and in Spare, milo semantic root that tells us this Chinese speakers to read and write the characters. esthetically correct. traditional characters, HARE inet sd official character has to do with “eye,” Examples of characters sharing the same Basic Rules for Stroke ¡y 7;¡y ap pal md pl A PRA pl is the radical, or ÍBR búshóu, phonetic components with different radicals, or Order of this character, and 4 chui JBAES xingshéngr + lefi to right Eng. Pinyin| Trad. Simp. mother ima is also a semantic component that. — Él bál or bó, “white” + topto bottom Tioenter[jin Jim [at JN nén gives a relevant explanation to the 44 bó, “unck * middle before sides becanb - a meaning of the character. There are ¿4 pá, > Ak má (wood) radical + horizontal before vertical | COUntry | gué III over 200 radicals, and traditional ¡gp cir + outside before inside 5 [jan dictionaries still classify characters 4 ss oe dhbu (bos * cutting stroke last j 7 by their radicals A a + bottom-
