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PRESENT SIMPLE
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- I / You / we / they → infinitive
He / She / It → añadir una - s
Para hablar de cosas que suceden habitualmente
Para hablar de generalidades o hechos científicos
Eventos programados en un futuro próximo
Dar instrucciones (imperativo)
I talk with my mum
He eats pizza
- I / You / we / they → don’t + infinitive
He / She / It → doesn’t + infinitive
I don’t talk with my mum
He doesn’t eat pizza
? I / You / we / they → do + sujeto + infinitive
He / She / It does + sujeto + infinitive
Do you talk with your mum?
Does he eat pizza?
PRESENT CONTINUOUS
ESTRUCTURA CUANDO SE USA EJEMPLO
+ I →
am + - ing
You / we / they → are + - ing
He / She / It → is + - ing
Para hablar de cosas que suceden mientras estamos hablando (una acción continuada)
Para hablar de algo que sucede en la actualidad pero no necesariamente cuando estamos hablando
Algo que ya está decidido que se hará en un futuro próximo
I am waiting for you
They are dancing there
He is studying maths
- I →
am not + - ing
You / we / they → are not (aren’t) + - ing
He / She / It → is not (isn’t) + - ing
I am not waiting for you
They aren’t dancing there
He is not studying maths
? I →
am + sujeto + - ing
Am I waiting for you?
Are they dancing there?
You / we / they → are + sujeto + - ing
He / She / It → is + sujeto + - ing
Is he studying maths?
PAST SIMPLE
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Excepto los irregulares que hay que saberlos Acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y ya están terminadas
I traveled around your country
We went by bus
- Sujeto + did not (didn’t)
I didn’t travel around your country
We didn’t go by bus
? Did + sujeto + infinitive Did you travel around my country?
Did she go by bus?
PAST CONTINUOUS
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- You / we / they → were + - ing
I/ He / She / It → was + - ing Acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y se quiere remarcar que tuvieron una cierta duración.
You were watching that film
She was working in that project
- You / we / they → weren’t + - ing
I/ He / She / It → wasn’t + - ing
You weren’t watching that film
She wasn’t working in that project
? You / we / they → were + sujeto + - ing
I/ He / She / It → was + sujeto + - ing
Were you watching that film?
Was she working in that project?
FUTURE SIMPLE
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Sujeto + will + infinitive Acciones voluntarias del futuro
Hacer promesas
Predicciones (aunque luego no sucedan)
I will call you tonight
She’ll arrive late
- Sujeto + won’t + infinitive
I won’t call you tonight
She won’t arrive late
? Will + sujeto + infinitive
Will you call me tonight?
Will she arrive late?
BE GOING TO
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+ I →
am + going to + infinitive
You / we / they → are + going to + infinitive
He / She / It → is + going to + infinitive
Planes de un futuro próximo
Predicciones de algo que sabemos que sucederá seguro ya que hay evidencias (están planeadas)
I’m going to open this present
You're going to pass the English exam
She’s going to draw a horse
- I → am + not going to + infinitive
You / we / they → are + not going to + infinitive
He / She / It → is + not going to + infinitive
I’m not going to open this present
You're not going to pass the English exam
She’s not going to draw a horse
? I →
am + sujeto + going to + infinitive
You / we / they → are +sujeto + going to + infinitive
Am I going to open this present?
Are you going to pass the English exam?
He / She / It → is + sujeto +going to + infinitive
Is she going to draw a horse?
FUTURE PERFECT
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- Sujeto + will / going to + have + PP
Acciones que ya han terminado en un tiempo anterior al pasado
Mostrar una acción que va a continuar desde el pasado hasta un momento en el futuro
The party will have ended by the time you finish work
The party is going to have ended by the time you finish work
- Sujeto + won’t / not going to + have + PP
I won’t have eaten before we meet
I’m not going to have eaten before we meet
? Will + sujeto + have + PP
Am/are/is + sujeto + going to + have + PP
Will the party have ended before you finish work?
Are you going to have eaten before we meet?
PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS
ESTRUCTURA CUANDO SE USA EJEMPLO
- I/ You / we / they → have been + - ing
He / She / It → has been + - ing
Se usa para hablar de acciones que comenzaron en el pasado y que siguen ocurriendo en el presente o que acaban de terminar
They have been talking for so many hours
She has been studying English since she was 6
- I/ You / we / they → haven’t been + - ing
He / She / It → hasn’t been + - ing
They haven’t been talking for more than a few minutes
She hasn’t been studying English for very long
? I/ You / we / they → have + sujeto + been + - ing
He / She / It → has + sujeto + been + - ing
Have they been talking for so many hours?
Has she been studying English since she was 6?
PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS
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Sujeto + had been + - ing Para expresar causas y efectos del pasado
Expresar una acción en proceso que habíamos estado haciendo en el pasado cuando otra acción la interrumpió
I had been studying English for 2 years when I went to London
- Sujeto + hadn’t been + - ing
I hadn’t been studying English long when I went to London
? Had + sujeto + been + - ing
Had you been studying English for a long time before you went to London?
ZERO CONDITIONAL
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If
Present Simple
Present Simple
Hechos generales u obvios If I study too much, I get tired
Para dar instrucciones If you are not sure what to do, ask your parents for advice
Para sucesos científicos If you heat water, it boils
FIRST CONDITIONAL
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If
Present Simple
Future Simple (will)
Hechos probables en el futuro
If it rains today, I will watch a movie
Advertencias de la realidad If I have too much work, I won’t go to dinner with my friends
SECOND CONDITIONAL
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If
Past Simple
Would + infinitive
Situaciones hipotéticas, que no son ciertas o no han sucedido
If I didn't have experience, I wouldn't get this job
Exponer deseos o sueños If I won the lottery, I would travel around the world
Ofrecer ayuda o consejos Would you give me a hand if I needed it?
THE PASSIVE
TENSE (TIEMPO
VERBAL)
ACTIVE (ORACIÓN
ACTIVA)
PASSIVE (ORACIÓN
PASIVA)
Present Simple The chairman arranges the meeting
The meeting is arranged by the chairman
Present Continuous The chairman is arranging the meeting
The meeting is being arranged by the chairman
Past Simple The chairman arranged the meeting
The meeting was arranged by the chairman
Past Continuous The chairman was arranging the meeting
The meeting was being arranged by the chairman
Present Perfect Simple The chairman has arranged the meeting
The meeting has been arranged by the chairman
Past Perfect Simple The chairman had arranged the meeting
The meeting had been arranged by the chairman
Future Simple The chairman will arrange the meeting
The meeting will be arranged by the chairman
Future Perfect Simple The chairman will have arranged the meeting
The meeting will have been arranged by the chairman
Modals The chairman must arrange the meeting
The meeting must be arranged by the chairman
Modal Perfect The chairman must have arranged the meeting
The meeting must have been arranged by the chairman
Have to The chairman has to arrange the meeting
The meeting has to be arranged by the chairman
Be going to The chairman is going to arrange the meeting
The meeting is going to be arranged by the chairman
THE CAUSATIVE
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have/get
something
PP
Se refiere a acciones que dejamos que otros hagan por nosotros
I’m having my hair dyed
They had their roof repaired yesterday
Bob will get his car washed tomorrow
Este tipo de oraciones tienen la misma estructura que las pasivas
INVERSION
La inversión consiste solamente en poner el verbo antes del sujeto (estas estructuras son parecidas a las de las preguntas. Con algunos tiempos verbales solo hace falta cambiar el verbo de lugar y ponerlo antes que el sujeto. Esto solo pasa en :
- Present simple with “be”: am I / are you / is he
- Past simple with “be”: were you / was she Con los demás tiempos verbales hay que cambiar la posición del sujeto pero también el verbo auxiliar. Las demás partes del verbo no se tocan.
- Present continuous: am I going / are you going
- Past continuous: was he going / were they going
- Present perfect: have we gone / has she gone
- Present perfect continuous: has she been going / have they been going
- Past perfect: had you gone
- Past perfect continuous: had he been going
- Future simple: will they go
- Future continuous: will you be going
- Future perfect: will they have gone
- Future perfect continuous: will she have been going
- Modal verbs: should I go / would you go La inversión se usa para enfatizar lo que estamos diciendo. También se usa cuando se quiere hablar de una forma más formal. La inversión se puede usar en vez del “if”, en condicionales. Se sustituye por “had”, “were” o “should”
REPORTED SPEECH
Cuando queremos comunicar o informar de lo que otra persona ha dicho, hay dos maneras de hacerlo: utilizando el estilo directo o el estilo indirecto. El “reported speech” es el estilo indirecto. En general, cuando se usa el estilo indirecto, el tiempo verbal cambia. A veces se usa “that” en las frases afirmativas y negativas para introducir lo que ha dicho la otra persona. En las frases interrogativas se puede usar “if” o “whether”.
_ANOTACIÓN_ Ten en cuenta también que las expresiones de tiempo cambian en el estilo indirecto.
ESTILO DIRECTO ESTILO INDIRECTO (REPORTED SPEECH)
Present simple Past Simple
Present continuous Past continuous Past Simple Past Perfect Simple
Past Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Present Perfect Simple Past Perfect Simple
Present Perfect Continuous Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Simple
Past Perfect Continuous
Will Would
Can Could
Must Had to
Shall Should
May Might/Could
Today That day
Tonight That night
This (week, month, year…) That (week, month, year…)
Tomorrow The next day
Next (week, month, year…) The following (week, month, year…)
Yesterday The day before / The previous day
Last (week, month, year…) (week, month, year…) before / the previous (week, month, year…)
Now Then / At that moment
Here There
