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INGLÉS MÉDICO

WORKSHOPS

PRIMER Y

SEGUNDO

PARCIAL

CONTENT

• CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
• URINARY SYSTEM
• DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
• NERVOUS SYSTEM
• NOROVIRUS GASTROENTERITIS IN INMUNOCOMPROMISED PATIENTS

8. The lymphatic system, on the other hand, is an open system True

9. Two types of fluids move through the circulatory system: Hg and CO2 False

Two types of fluids move through the circulatory system: blood and lymph

10. The blood, heart, and blood vessels form the cardiovascular True II. Read the paragragh below and answer the following questions. The essential components of the human cardiovascular system are the heart, blood, and blood vessels.[4] It includes: the pulmonary circulation, a "loop" through the lungs where blood is oxygenated; and the systemic circulation, a "loop" through the rest of the body to provide oxygenated blood. An average adult contains five to six quarts (roughly 4.7 to 5.7 liters) of blood, accounting for approximately 7% of their total body weight[5]. Blood consists of plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets. Also, the digestive system works with the circulatory system to provide the nutrients the system needs to keep the heart pumping. Pulmonary circulation The pulmonary circulatory system is the portion of the cardiovascular system in which oxygen- depleted blood is pumped away from the heart, via the pulmonary artery, to the lungs and returned, oxygenated, to the heart via the pulmonary vein. Oxygen deprived blood from the vena cava, enters the right atrium of the heart and flows through the tricuspid valve (right atrioventricular valve) into the right ventricle, from which it is then pumped through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary artery to the lungs. Gas exchange occurs in the lungs, whereby CO2 is released from the blood, and oxygen is absorbed. The pulmonary vein returns the now oxygen-rich blood to the heart. Systemic circulation Systemic circulation is the circulation of the blood of to all parts of the body except the lungs. Systemic circulation is the portion of the cardiovascular system which transports oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the rest of the body, and returns oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart. Systemic circulation is, distance-wise, much longer than pulmonary circulation, transporting blood to every part of the body.

1. What are the essential components of the human cardiovascular system? Heart, blood and blood vessels

2. Where is blood oxygenated? At pulmonary circulation

3. How many liters of blood does an average adult contain? Roughly 4.7 to 5.7 liters

4. What does the digestive system provide? Nutrients the system needs to keep the heart pumping

5. What is the pulmonary circulatory system’s function? Oxygen-depleted blood is pumped away from the

heart, via the pulmonary artery, to the lungs and returned, oxygenated, to the heart via the pulmonary vein.

6. Does Oxygen deprived blood from the vena cava? Yes

7. What^ happen^ in^ the^ lungs?^ Gas^ exchange^ ,^ whereby^ CO 2 is^ released^ from^ the^ blood,^ and^ oxygen^ is^ absorbed.

8. Does the artery vein return the now oxygen-rich blood to the heart? The pulmonary vein returns the now

oxygen-rich blood to the heart.

9. What is Systemic circulation’s function? Transports oxygenated blood away from the heart, to the rest of the

body, and returns oxygen-depleted blood back to the heart

10. Is Systemic circulation distance-wise much shorter than pulmonary circulation? No, it is much longer.

III. Identify the right definition Inferior vena cava A large vein that receives blood from the lower extremities, pelvis and abdomen and delivers it to the right atrium of the heart. Femoral artery, The continuation of the external iliac artery after it passes under the inguinal ligament. Iliac vein. A vein that is formed by union of the external and internal iliac veins at the brim of the pelvis and passes upward to the right of the fifth lumbar vertebra where it unites with its fellow of the opposite side to form the inferior vena cava. Jugular veins, The jugular veins are in the neck and drain blood from the head, brain, face and neck and convey it toward the heart. Carotid artery, is a major artery in the neck, running from the aorta to the brain, that supplies the brain with blood. Superior vena cava, receives blood from the head and arms and chest and empties into the right atrium of the heart; formed from the azygos and both brachiocephalic veins Pulmonary vein A vein that carries oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. Pulmonary artery, An artery that carries venous blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs Coronary arteries, The vessels that supply the heart muscle with blood rich in oxygen. They are called the coronary arteries because they encircle the heart in the manner of a crown.

Hepatic portal vein large vein through which all venous blood from the gastrointestinal system enters the inferior

surface of the liver

Renal vein Any of the veins that accompany the renal arteries and open at right angles into the vena cava at the level of the second lumbar vertebra. Renal artery an artery originating from the abdominal aorta and supplying the kidneys and adrenal glands and ureters Jugular vein Carotid artery Superior vena cava Pulmonary vein Pulmonary artery Coronary arteries Hepatic portal vein Renal vein Renal artery Femoral artery Abdominal aorta Iliac vein Iliac artery Femoral vein

V. Self-test

1. What is the circulatory system? a.The body's breathing system b.The body's system of nerves c.The body's food-processing system d.The body's blood-transporting system 2. From what source do cells get their food? a.Blood b.Oxygen c.Other cells d.Carbon dioxide 3. Why is oxygen important to blood and to the cells? a.Oxygen helps the blood to clot. b.Oxygen brings food to the cells. c.Oxygen is necessary for cell growth and energy. d.Oxygen is not important -- carbon dioxide is the most important substance to the body. 4. Which type of blood vessels carries blood away from the heart? a.Veins b.Arteries c.Capillaries d.Arteries, veins and capillaries

5. Why is blood that flows from the lungs to the heart bright red rather than dark red? a.Oxygen makes it red. b.Carbon dioxide makes it red. c.Gastric juices produce the red colour of the blood. d.The lungs add a pigment (dye) to blood as it flows through them. 6. What part of the blood carries minerals, vitamins, sugar, and other foods to the body's cells? a.Plasma b.Platelets c.Red corpuscles d.White corpuscles 7. What is the main job of the red corpuscles in the blood? a.To clot blood b.To fight disease c.To transport oxygen to the body's cells and carry away carbon dioxide from the cells d.To transport carbon dioxide to the body's cells and carry away oxygen from the cells 8. Which of the following can best be compared to soldiers? a.Lungs b.Capillaries c.Red blood cells d.White blood cells 9. Which element in the blood is round and colourless?

b.They filter impurities from the blood. c.They carry blood to all parts of the body. d.They carry messages from the brain to the muscles.

14. Why does blood turn dark red as it circulates through the body? a.It starts to clot. b.It gets old and dirty flowing through the body. c.The oxygen in it is replaced with carbon dioxide. d.The farther blood is from the heart, the more dark red it is. 15.How many major types of blood have scientists discovered? a.One: Type "O" b.Two: white cells and red cells c.Three: white cells, red cells, and plasma d.Four: Types A, B, AB, and O 16.What is the organ that pumps blood all throughout the human body? a.The lungs b.The heart c.The kidneys d.The blood vessels and capillaries 17.How big is the heart? A. Large enough to fill the entire left side of the chest. B. About the size of a clenched fist. C. About the size of a golf ball. 18. The heart is divided into many chambers?

A. Four - two atria and two ventricles. B. Five - three atria and two ventricles. C. Two - one atrium and one ventricle.

19. What is the sinus node? A. A special cluster of cells in the right atrium that controls the heart rate. B. A small chamber in the heart that collects diseased or damaged blood cells for disposal. C. An acupressure point on the cheekbone that, when pressed, helps to calm a rapid heart rate. 20. Arteries from the heart deliver blood around the body, but which arteries give the heart its own blood supply? A. Radial and ulnar arteries. B. The renal arteries. C. The coronary arteries. 21. What are capillaries? A. The smallest blood vessels of the circulatory system. B. The medical name for heart muscle cells. C. Small lumps of fatty tissue that can clog blood vessels. 22. Which blood vessels have muscular walls that help to “massage” blood along their lengths? A. Capillaries. B. Veins. C. Arteries. 23. Which blood vessels contain one-way valves to stop the blood from travelling backwards? A. Capillaries. B. Veins. C. Arteries. 24. What is blood pressure? A. The amount of pressure exerted on blood vessel walls as the blood is pumped around. B. The ratio of oxygen to carbon dioxide within the blood. C. The concentration of red blood cells within the blood.

II. Write the definition Urethra the tube that carries urine from the bladder out of the body. Bladder a hollow organ that stores urine until it is excreted. cortex the outer layer of an internal organ or body structure, as of the kidney or adrenal gland. calyx the first unit in the system of ducts in the kidney carrying urine from the renal pyramid of the medulla to the renal pelvis for excretion through the ureters. Medulla the inner core of certain organs or body structures, such as the marrow of bone. Kidney two bean-shaped organs that take waste from the blood and produce urine. Ureter two tubes, each of which carries urine from a kidney to the bladder. Malpighi´s pyramid are cone-shaped tissues of the kidney. The renal medulla is made up of 27 to 30 of these conical subdivisions (usually 27 in humans) Celiac trunk is the first major branch of the abdominal aorta. It is 1.25 cm in length, in a horizontal direction. Branching from the aorta anterior to the upper border of L1 vertebra (almost immediately after entering the abdominal cavity through the diaphragm at T12) in humans, it is one of three anterior/ midline branches of the abdominal aorta (the others are thesuperior and inferior mesenteric arteries). Abdominal Aorta is the largest artery in the abdominal cavity. As part of the aorta, it is a direct continuation of the descending aorta (of the thorax). Renal artery normally arise off the side of the abdominal aorta, immediately below the superior mesenteric artery, and supply the kidneys with blood. Each is directed across the crus of the diaphragm, so as to form nearly a right angle with the aorta.

Renal pelvis is the funnel-like dilated proximal part of the ureter in the kidney. In humans, it is the point of

convergence of two or three major calyces Renal vein are veins that drain the kidney. They connect the kidney to the inferior vena cava. They carry the blood purified by the kidney. It is usually singular to each kidney, except in the condition "multiple renal veins" Suprarenal gland Inferior vena cava Kidney Urethra Calyx Abdominal aorta Medulla Renal artery Renal pelvis Renal vein Malpighi’s pyramid Ureter Iliac vein Celiac trunk Cortex Bladder

Iliac vein refers to several anatomical structures located in the pelvis Bladder is the organ that collects urine excreted by the kidneys before disposal by urination. A hollow[1]^ muscular, and distensible (or elastic) organ, the bladder sits on the pelvic floor Suprarenal gland they sit on top the kidneys; in humans, right is triangular shaped, while the left is semilunar shaped. They are chiefly responsible for releasing hormones in response to stress through the synthesis of corticosteroids such as cortisol and catecholamines such as epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine. They also produce androgens. They affect kidney function through the secretion of aldosterone, a hormone involved in regulating the osmolarity of blood plasma. Medulla the inner core of certain organs or body structures, such as the marrow of bone. Inferior vena cava is the large vein that carries deoxygenated blood from the lower half of the body into the right atrium of the heart. III.Read the paragragh below and answer the questions

Definition

The urinary system or urinary tract (also called the excretory system) is the organ system that produces, stores, and eliminates urine. In humans it includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder and the urethra. The female and male urinary system are very similar, they differ only in the length of the urethra.[1] Physiology of urinary system Kidney The kidneys are bean-shaped organs that lie in the abdomen, retroperitoneal to the organs of digestion, around or just below the ribcage and close to the lumbar spine. The organ is about the size of a human fist and is surrounded by what is called Perinephric fat, and situated on the superior pole of each kidney is an adrenal gland. The kidneys receive their blood supply of 1.25 L/min (25% of the cardiac output) from the renal arteries which are fed by the abdominal aorta. This is important because the kidneys' main role is to filter water soluble waste products from the blood. The other attachment of the kidneys are at their functional endpoints the ureters, which lies more medial and runs down to the trigone of urinary bladder. The kidneys perform a number of tasks, such as: concentrating urine, regulating electrolytes, and maintaining acid-base homeostasis. The kidney excretes and re-absorbs electrolytes (e.g. sodium, potassium and calcium) under the influence of local and systemic hormones. pH balance is regulated by the excretion of bound acids and ammonium ions. In addition, they remove urea, a nitrogenous waste product from the metabolism of amino acids. The end point is a hyperosmolar solution carrying waste for storage in the bladder prior to urination.[2] Humans produce about 2.9 litres of urine over 24 hours, although this amount may vary according to circumstances. Because the rate of filtration at the kidney is proportional to the glomerular filtration rate, which is in turn related to the blood flow through the kidney, changes in body fluid status can affect kidney function. Hormones exogenous and endogenous to the kidney alter the amount of blood flowing through the glomerulus. Some medications interfere directly or indirectly with urine production. Diuretics achieve this by altering the amount of absorbed or excreted electrolytes or osmalites, which causes a diuresis. Function There are several functions of the Urinary System:

Urine moves from the nephrones collecting duct system to the minor calyx and then the major calyx before entering the renal pelvis, a funnel-like dilated proximal part of the ureter within the kidney. The major function of the renal pelvis is to act as a funnel for urine flowing to the ureter. From here the urine flows through the ureters to the bladder, where it is stored until urination takes place. Urination Urination is the ejection of urine from the urinary bladder through the urethra to the outside of the body. In healthy humans (and many other animals), the process of urination is under voluntary control. In infants, some elderly individuals, and those with neurological injury, urination may occur as an involuntary reflex. In other animals, in addition to expelling waste material, urination can mark territory or express submissiveness. Physiologically, micturition involves coordination between the central, autonomic, and somatic nervous systems. Brain centers that regulate urination include the pontine micturition center, periaqueductal gray, and the cerebral cortex. In male placental mammals, urine is ejected through the penis, and in female placental mammals through the vulva. Urologic disease Urologic disease can involve congenital or acquired dysfunction of the urinary system. Kidney diseases are normally investigated and treated by nephrologists, while the specialty of urology deals with problems in the other organs. Gynecologists may deal with problems of incontinence in women. Diseases of other bodily systems also have a direct effect on urogenital function. For instance it has been shown that protein released by the kidneys in diabetes mellitus sensitises the kidney to the damaging effects of hypertension.[5] Diabetes also can have a direct effect in urination due to peripheral neuropathies which occur in some individuals with poorly controlled diabetes.

1. What is the function of the urinary system? There are several functions of the Urinary System:  Removal of waste product from the body (mainly urea and uric acid)  Regulation of electrolyte balance (e.g. sodium, potassium and calcium)  Regulation acid-base homeostasis  Controlling blood volume and maintaining blood pressure 2. What are the different parts of the urinary system? it includes two kidneys, two ureters, the bladder and the urethra 3. Are the female and male urinary system very similar? The female and male urinary system are very similar, they differ only in the length of the urethra. 4. What is the size of the kidney?

The organ is about the size of a human fist

5. What is the kidneys' most important main role? the kidneys' main role is to filter water soluble waste products from the blood. 6. What are the other attachment of the kidneys? The other attachment of the kidneys are at their functional endpoints the ureters, which lies more medial and runs down to the trigone of urinary bladder. 7. What are the kidneys’ number of tasks? The kidneys perform a number of tasks, such as: concentrating urine, regulating electrolytes, and maintaining acid- base homeostasis 8. How is pH balance regulated? pH balance is regulated by the excretion of bound acids and ammonium ions. 9. How many liters of urine do humans produce over 24 hours? Humans produce about 2.9 litres of urine over 24 hours 10. Why do some medications interfere directly or indirectly with urine production? Diuretics achieve this by altering the amount of absorbed or excreted electrolytes or osmalites, which causes a diuresis IV.Read the paragragh below. Write TRUE or FALSE. IF IT IS FALSE, EXPLAIN WHY? Ureters In human anatomy, the ureters are tubes made of smooth muscle fibers that propel urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder. In the adult, the ureters are usually 25 – 30 cm (10 – 12 in) long and ~3-4 mm in diameter. In humans, the ureters arise from the renal pelvis on the medial aspect of each kidney before descending towards the bladder on the front of the psoas major muscle. The ureters cross the pelvic brim near the bifurcation of the iliac arteries (which they cross anteriorly). This is a common site for the impaction of kidney stones (the others being the ureterovesical valve, where the ureter meets the bladder, and the pelvouteric junction, where the renal pelvis meets the ureter in the renal hilum). The ureters run posteroinferiorly on the lateral walls of the pelvis and then curve anteriormedially to enter the bladder through the back, at the vesicoureteric junction, running within the wall of the bladder for a few centimetres. The backflow of urine is prevented by valves known as ureterovesical valves. In females, the ureters pass through the mesometrium and under the uterine arteries on the way to the urinary bladder. An effective phrase for remembering this anatomical relationship is "water (ureters) under the bridge (uterine arteries or vas deferens)." Disorders A kidney stone can move from the kidney and become lodged inside the ureter, which can block the flow of urine, as well as

 In females, the ureters pass through the mesometrium and under the uterine arteries on the way to the urinary bladder 7.A kidney stone can move from the kidney and become lodged inside the ureter …TRUE….

8. The affected kidney could then develop hydrolysis …FALSE….  The affected kidney could then develop hydronephrosis. 9.A kidney stone will commonly become stuck at the ureteric junction of renal pelvis …TRUE…. 10. The ureter is sometimes injured during hysterectomies, near the infundibulopelvic nerve …FALSE….  The ureter is sometimes injured during hysterectomies, near the infundibulopelvic (suspensory) ligament

V. Self-test

The main, overall function of the urinary system is to.

regulate the rate at which urine exits the body

create urine

eliminate excess carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide balance the composition of the blood

What is the function of the urinary bladder?

aid defecation

contain bacteria to fight infection filter the

blood

store urine

Once urine is formed, it leaves the kidneys.

through the ureters when the body is positioned to allow urine to flow downward with

gravity

through muscle contractions in the ureters

through the urethra when the body is positioned to allow urine to flow downward with

gravity

through muscle contractions in the urethra

What is the tuft of capillaries that brings blood to the kidney for

filtration? proximal arteriole

glomerulus

glomerular

capsule

Bowman's space