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lengua inglesa 4, Apuntes de Filología Inglesa

Universitat d'Alacant (UA) Filología Inglesa
Prof. David Bell

Asignatura: Llengua anglesa IV, Profesor: David Bell, Carrera: Filologia/Estudis Anglesos, Universidad: UA

Tipo: Apuntes

2012/2013

Subido el 04/06/2013

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ENGLISH LANGUAGE IV
TEMA 14
PREPOSITIONS
• Classes of prepositions:
•Simple prepositions: off, over, on opposite, etc.
• Complex: next to (near), in front of, according to, etc.
• Function of prepositions:
• Relates a noun or a gerund to the rest of the sentence
■Prep DAN
■Prep Ving
• Post modification
• Uses of prepositional phrases:
• Adverbial (when, where, how, why)
■“He is studying at university”
•Adjectival
■The man in the suit called me…
• Nominal (noun)
■He wrote a letter to his mother (IO)
• At vs. In vs. On
• At shows a place (recognizable)
• On deals with a 2D relationship
• In deals with a 3D relationship
• Across vs. Through
• Across (2D relationship)
•Through (3D relationship)
• Among and Between
• Between: two items or two groups
■Just between you and me (not I)
• Among: more than two items, sometimes seen as a group
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ENGLISH LANGUAGE IV

TEMA 14

PREPOSITIONS

  • Classes of prepositions:
    • (^) Simple prepositions: off, over, on opposite, etc.
    • Complex: next to (near), in front of, according to, etc.
  • Function of prepositions:
    • Relates a noun or a gerund to the rest of the sentence ■ Prep DAN ■ Prep Ving
    • Post modification
  • Uses of prepositional phrases:
    • Adverbial (when, where, how, why) ■ “He is studying at university”
    • (^) Adjectival ■ The man in the suit called me…
  • Nominal (noun) ■ He wrote a letter to his mother (IO)
  • At vs. In vs. On
  • At shows a place (recognizable)
  • On deals with a 2D relationship
  • In deals with a 3D relationship
  • Across vs. Through
  • Across (2D relationship)
  • (^) Through (3D relationship)
  • Among and Between
  • Between: two items or two groups ■ Just between you and me (not I)
  • Among: more than two items, sometimes seen as a group
  • Like vs. As
    • Like is a preposition (followed by a noun) ■ (^) I am not like you
    • As may be a conjunction or a pronoun (frequently followed by an implicit clause) ■ I am not as tall as he (is). ■ He works as an actor.
  • When like and as are used as prepositions, they are different in their meaning.
  • As far as vs. Until (till)
    • As far as (hasta): place ■ He ran as far as the end of the street
    • Until -till- (hasta): time ■ (^) He ran until dinner time
  • Since vs. For
    • Since: a point of time in the past (perfect) ■ We have been studying since last night
    • For: a period of time ■ She studied for three hours CONJUNCTIONS
  • Classes of conjunctions: words which join words, phrases or clauses.
  • Coordinating: words which join equals
  • Correlative: pairs of words which join equals
  • (^) Subordinating: words which joins unequals
  • Coordinating:
  • FANBOYS: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
  • MISUSES of conjunctions in English: Try and v ■ In place of the infinitive phrase
  • CAN’T HELP BUT Ving ■ Can’t help doing/ Can’t help but do
  • NOT try, want, intend and order.
    • [That + SV] + V ■ (^) Extremely formal construction “That the exam was easy is evident” (It is evident that the exam was easy)
  • Verbal + Verbal (Catenative structures)
    • Infinitive phrases: V + to V (COMPARE…) ■ S. Aux V (infinitive) “I can play…” ■ SV to V (infinitive phrase) “I play to win”
    • Gerund: V + Ving ■ Ving (present participle) adj ■ Ving (Gerund) noun *EXCEPTION: Odd to go / dare and need
  • Infinitive structure:
  • V + to V Notice the difference from auxiliary verbs. Implied subject the same as the subject of the main verb. ■ “They decide to stop the car”
  • V + Obj to V ■ “He asked to go to the conference” (él) ■ “He asked me to go to the conference” (yo)
  • V + inter. To V ■ “He’s forgotten how to study since he left school” (Know, show, forget, tell) ■ “She taught me (how) to do it (teach, learn).
  • V + Ving ■ “We couldn’t risk starting the session late” (The subject of the verbal is the same as that of the main verb. Many times the verb noun is the object of a preposition (accustomed / used to) NEVER prep + infinitive)
  • V + Possessive + Ving ■ “I hated losing the match like that”

■ “ I hate their losing the match like that” (I Didn’t lose) ■ “I hated them losing the match…” (INCORRECT and funny)

  • (^) Verbal + Verbal (differences)
    • Stop (stop Ving (VI governs V2)) / (Stop to V (V1 + V2))
    • Mean (Mean Ving (involve)) / (Mean to V (intend))
    • Go on (Go on Ving (continues)) / go on to V (2 activities)
    • Try (ing probar) / (to intentar)
  • No differences Love Hate Like ( would con to) Prefer Start Begin

LESSON XVI CONDITIONAL SENTENCES

1. FIRST CONDITIONAL

1.a. IF + PRESENT – FUTURE 1.i. If you turn right, you will end up in Madrid

  1. SECOND CONDITIONAL 1.b.IF + PAST SUBJUNCTIVE - CONDITIONAL 1.ii. If you turned left, you would end up in Barcelona
  2. THIRD CONDITIONAL 1.c. IF + PAST PERFECT – PERFECT CONDITIONAL 1.iii. (^) If you had turned left, you would have ended up in BCN
  3. SPECIAL CONDITIONALS 1.d.ZERO CONDITOONALS (modification of the first class) 1.iv. IF PRESENT- PRESENT : If you heat water, it boils 1.e. MIXED CONDITIONAL (combination of the second and third) 1.v. IF PAST PERFECT – CONDITIONAL: If you had studied, you would know the answer.
  • Modal auxiliaries (no conjugation)
  • Primary auxiliaries are connected to the verb phrase but modal auxiliaries are connected to the sentence node. ADVERB-PLACEMENT. ADVERB POSITION Adv syntax: (Review)
  • Categories: Sentence vs. VP Adverbs.
  • Types: simple vs. Phrasal Adverbs.
  • Classification of VP Adverbs
  • HOW, WHERE, WHEN
  • MANNER, PLACE, TIME (frequency)
  • (Intitial) S (internal) V O (final) Word order is very strict and important. POSSIBLE POSTION: Where can we place and adverb in the sentence? Remember that English has fairly strict syntax. (one) S (two) V O (three)
  • Positions: we have now established three possible positions for English adverbs.
  • We will have to be more specific about which adverbs tend to take which positions, but…
  • We first need to be a little more specific about the exact location of the internal position. The best clue we have in the negative adverb not :
  • He does not like to ride
  • She did not tell her mother
  • (^) I am not frequently away
  • You will not (won’t) like
  • I have not got Key concept: the English verbal system must be divided into two main categories.
  • Special: TO BE (have 8 forms)
  • Normal
  • Auxiliary Interrogative = Aux S Verb ♥ FORM: it frequently ends in –ly (not very helpful)

♥ FUNCTION: it modifies a verb, giving information to answer the questions: HOW/ WHY/WHERE / WHEN ♥ (^) Qualifiers: modify other adverbs or adjectives (e.g. very, too, more, enough, rather…) ♥ Types of adverbials: traditional grammar

  • Adjuncts vs. Disjuncts and conjuncts ■ He wrote the letter quickly(1) ■ However, it was too late. Frankly, I don’t think it was fair.(2)
  • VP Adverbs (1) vs. S. Adverbs(2) One final distinction:
  • Simple adverbs: a single word which functions adverbially, modifying the verbal aspect of the sentence.
  • Yesterday, I started studying for the final exam.
  • (^) Phrasal adverbs (adverbials) : multiple words which function together adverbially, modifying the verbal aspect of the sentence.
  • I got a lot accomplished in the evening Sentence
  • Simple: Frankly, therefore…
  • Phrasal: In all, In addition, thruthfully
  • Both, simple and phrasal : CONJUNCTS AND DISJUNCTS VP Adjuncts
  • Simple: Quickly, easily
  • With this pen, last night
  • (^) Both, simple and phrasal (manner –how-, place –where-, time-when, general or frequency-, certainty. There’re other types of adverbs, but they are not included here because their position in the sentence is determined by different factors:
  • Relative adverbs: eg. Where, when, why…
  • I visited the camp where I worked as a college student
  • Interrogative adverbs: when, where, why
  • When, did he say that he was coming?
  • Negative adverbs: not

He wrote his mother a letter

  • A letter was written to his mother
  • (^) His mother was written a letter. The teacher gave them a writing assignment
  • A writing assignment was given to them
  • They were given a writing assignment (more common) PASSIVE WITH PHRASAL VERBS He always turns the music up too loud
  • The music is always turned up too loud She took advantage of them
  • They were taken advantage of. SPECIAL PASSIVE WITH INF
  • (^) Make, see and hear use the infinitive phrase instead of the bare inf:
  • I made her promise to do her best … She was made to promise to do her best
  • I heard him tell her a secret … He was heard to tell her a secret
  • With Verbs of sense, Ving is common. ANTICIPATORY SUBJECT
  • “IT” can be used to anticipate a subject : It is true that he would make a great president
  • “IT” can also appear as a passive subject: It is often said that…/ It is widely believed that…

CONSTRUCTION WITH PASSIVE MEANING (IMP)

  • (^) Need and want:
    • This country needs reforming
    • Wants?
  • “ They” or “People”
    • They say that he would make a great president.
  • Get (colloquial)
    • He never got paid for the work he did last summer.

REPORTED SPEECH XVIII

INTRODUCTION:

  • (^) Secondary speech act (e.g. say, tell, whisper, grumble, add, explain, complain, etc.
    • SAY something TO someone (TrV DO prep N)
    • TELL someone something (TrV IO DO) STATEMENTS:
  • Transform…
  • Person (to third person normally)
  • Adverbs (here-there)
  • Verbs BACKSHIFT

Present simple…PAST SIMPLE…PAST PERFECT (PRESENT PERFECT…PAST PERFECT) POSSIBLE SUBSTITUTIONS Future-Conditional Can-Could May-Might Examples:

  • I like living here a lot: he said that he liked living there a lot