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Unit 1: What is
Linguistics?
Vocabulary Skills
Guessing words in context
Using Related words.
Sometimes a word in general English has a special meaning in language and linguistics.
Examples:
Stress, tongue, interpret If you recognize a word but don’t understand it in context, think: what is the basic meaning of the word? Does that help me understand the special meaning?
Example:
The tongue is in the mouth, so other meaning of tongue might involve the mouth. If English is a tongue, perhaps tongue means language because languages are spoken using the mouth.
Removing Prefixes
A prefix are letters at the start of a word. A prefix changes the meaning of a word.
Examples:
Rephrase means phrase again. Multilingual means speaking many languages. If you don’t recognize a word think: is there a prefix? Remove it. Do you recognize the word now? What does the prefix means? Add it to the meaning of the word.
Removing Suffixes
A suffix are letters at the end of a word. A suffix sometimes changes the part of speech of the word.
Examples:
Translate become translator, a verb become a noun. Fluent become fluently, an adjective become an adverb.
Examples:
Displace plus ment means the act of displacing Interpret plus er means a person who interprets Count plus able means able to be counted.
English B.2.
If you don’t recognize a word, think: is there a suffix? Remove it. Do you recognize the word now? What does that suffix mean? Add it to the meaning of the word.
Skill Banck
Making the most of lectures
Before a lecture
Plan:
-Find out the lecture topic. -Research the topic. Check the pronunciation of names and key words in English.
Prepare:
-Get to the lecture room early. -Sit where you can see and hear clearly. -Bring any equipment you may need. .Write the date, topic and name of the lecturer at the top of a sheet of paper.
During a lecture.
Predict:
-Listen carefully to the introduction. Think: What kind of lecture is this? -Write an outline. Leave space for notes. -Think of possible answers/solutions/effects, etc., while the lecturer is speaking.
Produce:
-Write notes/copy from the board. -Record sources – books/websites/names. -At the end, ask the lecturer/other students for missing information.
Making Perfect lecture Notes
Choose the best way to record information from a lecture. Questions and answer = headings and notes. Problems and solutions = heading and notes / two-column table. Classification and definition = tree diagram/spidergram. Advantages and disadvantages = two column. Comparison and contrast = table. Cause and effect = spidergrams.
English B.2.
Disobedient Desobediente Unlikely Poco probable Misunderstood Malinterpretar Outstanding Destacado co-operate Cooperar submarine Submarino pre-cooked Precocinado multi-millionaire Multimillonario dissatisfied Descontento unusual Inusual non-smoker No fumador informal Informal rewritten Reescrito overcooked Recocer overworked Que trabaja demasia do invisible Invisible subway Subterraneo misleading Engañoso unable Incapaz non-stopped Directo disappeared Desaparecido politician Politico shyness Timidez sympathised Compadecido disorganised Desorganizado replacement Reemplazado straighten Ordenado personal Personal
innocence Inocente Imagination Imaginación Uninterested Desinteresado
Writing 1 – Thesis Statements
A thesis statement in an essay is a sentence that explicitly identifies the purpose of the paper and previews the main ideas. A thesis statement should:
- state the general topic of your essay
- state the specific point , claim , or area of investigation that you will be arguing or examining in your essay
- indicate the reasons that you will give to support your argument or develop your point. Your thesis statement may well also:
- indicate the subdivisions or general method of organisation used in your essay
- be the last sentence of your introduction There are three different types of thesis statements:
- Analytical
- (^) Expository
- Argumentative Common Problems The major errors when writing thesis statements tend to be that:
- The thesis statement consists of an empty observation, rather than making an assertion.
- INSTEAD OF: Industrial emissions contribute to global warming.
- WRITE: Of all the factors that contribute to global warming, industrial emissions are considered the most significant, and national governments should be forced to regulate their carbon-dioxide levels by means of multilateral treaties.
- The thesis statement is underdeveloped and vague, and needs to be made more specific and narrow.
- (^) INSTEAD OF: The enlargement of the EU has led to considerable debate.
- WRITE: The expansion of the EU to include 10 new member states has sparked considerable debate concerning the issues of subsidies, constitutional unity and the limits of integration.
- The thesis statement exceeds the scope of the essay, i.e., is too broad to be discussed thoroughly.
- INSTEAD OF: There have been many cases of human rights violations in the recent past.
- WRITE: Recent developments in Western, democratic societies such as anti-terrorism legislation, which allows imprisonment without trial, have highlighted to human rights activists that, even here, their work is far from complete.
The most common essay from taught in textbooks is the five-paragraph essay. This forms has a very simple, clear organization, yet it allows writers tremendous freedom to explain their ideas on a topic. The traditional assignment is also a five-paragraph essay. An essay can have as many paragraphs as the writer thinks are necessary. The only requirement is that an essay should have a beginning, a middle and an ending. The goal is to understand the organization of an essay and write a good one, no matter the number of paragraphs. Writers often choose to write a research paper. A research paper uses ideas and material from other sources, in addition to your own ideas. A research paper is usually measured in number of pages or number of words, not just paragraphs.
How Do
You Write An Introduction?
A good introduction accomplishes four objectives: Starts with a hook that grabs reader’s attention. Mentions the topic, or subject, of the essay.Gives background information to connect the reader to the topic. Includes a thesis statement that summarizes the main point of the essay and explains the writer’s idea or position about the topic. Essays begins with a paragraph called the introduction that the reader to the topic. The thesis statement gives the writer’s plan for the essay and is often the last sentence in the introductory paragraph.
The Hook
It is the opening sentences of any essay. It is the writer’s attempt to make you want to read the essay. There are several different ways to write an effective hook.
TYPE OF HOOK EXAMPLE HOOK Shocking statement Each year thousands of teenagers die in driving accidents. Definition The dictionary defines gossip as “casual conversation,” but gossip is in really a much more negative interaction. Quote from a famous person The poet Emily Dickinson once said, “saying nothing… sometimes says the most.” Questions Have you ever thought about where your salad come from? Scene On January 8, 2011 the worst snowstorm in this history of my state paralyzed our area. Humorous statement Many business advertisements offer a free gift, but isn’t every gift free? Dilemma After college, I had to decide between a low-paying job that seemed like fun and a more mundane job that paid really well. Comparison (simile or metaphor)
My life has been like a roller coaster OR my life has been a roller coaster.
What Is The Role Of The Thesis Statement?
It explains the writer’s position about the topic. It tells the general topic, gives details of specifics aspects of the topic that will be discussed, and provides a blueprint for the organization of the entire essay. The most common location is the last sentence in the introductory paragraph. All writers must determine what their main idea is and why it is important to them. This idea is contained in a special sentences called the thesis statement. The topic does not usually show the writer’s idea or position. However, the writer’s opinion is clearly contained in the thesis statement. The main idea that controls the thesis statement is the word prohibited.
Thesis Statements and Controlling Ideas
Good thesis statements include the writer’s position about a topic as well as reason or information to support that position. There extra piece of information that provide support for the writer’s idea are called controlling ideas,
What is the Body of an Essay?
The body of the essay follows the introduction. Writers explain and support their position and controlling ideas in the thesis statement. The body paragraphs develop the writer’s thesis statement so that the reader fully comprehends the writer’s point of view. The thesis statement also provides the writing plan for the body paragraphs.
Connectors and Transition word
All good contains words or phrases that connect information from one sentence to another. Some words or phrases help the reader transition from one paragraph to the next. These connectors and transitions help the reader better understand the content of an essay.
What Does the Conclusion of an Essay
Do?
- Summarizes the writer’s main point.
- • Uses key vocabulary from the introduction. Usually offers a suggestion, opinion or prediction but it is no usually.
Most good essays end with a conclusion that summarizes the writer’s main point. The conclusion should not include any new information. Adding new information may actually confuse your reader. Good conclusion often ends with a sentence that expresses a suggestion, an opinion or a prediction. The writer suggests what should be done now. Without a conclusion, essays often seem incomplete and unfinished.
Vocabulary
Essay 1
A threat A danger To accomplish To complete; to do An innovation Something new
A ballot Apiece of paper used for voting A dispute A disagreement Tedious Boring or tiresome because of length or dullness
Essay 3
A predator An animal that hunts other animals to eat Camouflage The uses of colors or other designs to become less visible to an enemy To conceal To hide Disruptive Disturbing or interrupting the normal situation Mimicry A method of copying the actions of another person or animal Evolutionary Rekaing to evolution; the process of development or growth To blend To mix To flee To escape for your life A foe An enemy Kin Relatives; related by blood A stripe A line of color Distinctive Different Vulnerable Weak; easily attacked A fluctuation A shift back and forth Prey An animal that another animal huts to eat
Essay 4
Such Like this A sphere An area of influence or activity A lecture An academic speech or presentation To utilize To use To risk To put in danger of losing To highlight To draw attention to; to make more visible
The advent of The beginning of Precious Valuable Dynamic Energetic
Essay 5
To dread To feel anxious or extremely worried about something that will happen Integral Key; of primary importance Coherent Logical; weel-organized; easy to understand Ultimately Finally; in the end Mnemonic Related to memory An acronym A group of letters that stands for another term To advocate To promote; to speak well of The context The situation in which something appears or happens To retain To keep To cram To push into a small time or space To pace To go at a slow, steady speed
Unit 2
Vocabulary bank
Using your English-English dictionary
This kind of dictionary helps you learn English.
Using headwords and parts of speech
Find the correct headword. Find the correct meaning.Find the correct part of speech. Sometime the headwords appear more than once, followed by a small number. This mean the word has more than one part of speech n and v.
Learning to pronounce words
The symbols after the headword show you how to pronounce the word. These symbols key is usually at the back of the dictionary. The little line in the symbols show you how to stress the word.
Learning to use words correctly in context
Nouns can be countable or uncountable. This information is important for using articles and verbs forms correctly.
A pedestrian A person who is walking Tragic Very serious, shocking, or sad A protocol A rule or procedure A destination The final place to which a person is travelling
Unit 3 : Language and Acquisition and Learning
Vocabulary bank
Stress within words
Nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are called content words because they carry meaning
One syllable word
Some content words have one-syllable or sound. This is always stressed.
Two syllable words
Some content words have two syllables. Two-syllables nouns and adjectives are often stressed on the first syllable. Two-syllables verds are often stressed on the econd syllable.
EXAMPLES EXCEPTIONS
NOUNS ‘language, ‘process, ‘factor De’sign, e’ffect ADJECTIVES ‘foreing, ‘complex, ‘verbal Di’verse,u’nique,co’rrect VERBS ‘a’cquire, ex’press, trans’form ‘process, ‘vary
Multi syllable words
-IZE ‘summarize, in’ternalize -SIS A’nalysis, hy’pothesis -ATE ‘accurate, ‘conjugate -IFY ‘classify, ‘specify -PHERE ‘atmosphere, ‘hemispphere -ICAL Bio’logical,’physical -ITY Uni’versity, tranfera’bility -ULAR Par’ticular, ‘regular -AL Gra’mmatical Some content words have three or more syllables. Multi syllables words are often stressed three syllables from the end.
Examples
Ooo oOoo ooOoo
When you learn a new noun or adjective, find out how you can make it into a verb.
VERBS NOUNS -IZE -IZATION computerization, internalization -IFY -IFICATION modification, specification -ATE -ATION integration, translation
Suffixes for Nouns
there are many suffixes for nouns.but verbs ending in -IZE,-IZY and -ATE form nouns with -ATION.
Understanding Abbreviation and Acronyms
An Abbretions is a shorter version of something. For example, PC is an abbreviation for Personal Computer. An Acronym is similar to an abbreviation, but it pronounced as a word. for example, Call is an acronym for Computer- assisted Language Learning. We normally write an abbreviation or acronym with capital letters, although the full words have case letters.
Skill Banck
Developing Ideas in a Paragraph.
Introducing the topic
In a text, a new paragraph signals the start of a new topic. The topic is given in the topic sentences which is at or near the beginning of the paragraph. The topic sentence gives the topic, and also makes a comment about the topic.
example
Information technology offers linguistics a range of key advantages in the field of corpus research. the topic is information technology. the comment is that this offers a range of advantages. the sentences that follow then expand or explain the topic sentences.
Developing the topic
A paragraph is normally about the same basic topic. however, within a paragraph, ideas often develop beyond the comment. this development is often shown by:
- a discourse marker: but, however, … Discourse markers generally make a connection between the previous information and what comes next. they mainly introduces contrass or additional information.
- a stance marker: unfortunately, … Stance markers show the attitude of the write to the information.
Recording and reporting findings
when you do research, record information about the source. Refer to the source when you report your findings. You should gives the full information about the source in your reference list or bibliography.
Unit 5 Language and society
Vocabulary bank
Vocabulary Sets
it is good idea to learn words which go together
- It is easier to remember the words
- You will have alternative words to use when paraphrasing research findings
- It is not good style to repeat the same word often, so writers, and sometimes speaking, make use of words from the same set to avoid repetition.
You can create a vocabulary set with:
- (^) SYNONYMS
- ANTONYMS
- HYOERNYMS
- LINKED WORDS
- agree with previous speaker: i agree, and that’s why…; That's true, so i think…; you're absolutely right, which is why…
- disagree with previous speaker: i don’t think i agreee with that. in my opinion…; i’m not sure that’s true. i think…
- link to a previous spreaker: as Jack said earlier…; going back to what Leila said a while ago…;
- ask for clarification: could you say more about…?
- paraphrase to check understanding: so what you’re saying is…
- refer back to establish relevance: just going back to… Participants may not be sure if a contribution is new or relevant.
Wordlist
A
Accent Acento/ Acentuar Access Acceso/ Acceder a Accuracy Precisión Acquisition Adquisición Aptitude Aptitud Attitudes Actitud/Carácter
B
Bilingual Bilingüe Branch Rama/ Bifurcarse Browse Echar un vistazo/ ojeada
C
CAL Computer-Assisted Learning CALL Computer-Assisted Language Learning Client Liaison Enlace con el cliente Cognitive Cognitivo Communication Comunicación Community Comunidad
Compatible Compatible Components Componentes Computerize Informatizar Conjunction Conjunción Connection Conexión Corpus Corpora Countable Contable
D
Data Datos Database Base de Datos Diachronic Diacrónico Dialect Dialecto Displacement Desplazamiento Diverse Diverso Document Documento
E
Electronic media Medios Electronicos Exposure Exposición External Externo
F
Foreign Extranjero Form Forma Function Función
G
Gender Género Generative Genetivo Genetic Genetico Genetically Genéticamente Grammatical Gramatical
H
Homophone Homofono HTML Hyper-text Markup Language HTTP Hyper-text Transfer protocol
