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The Infinitive : “ to ” followed by the base form of the verb es. : I like to draw. Negative : not to + base form of the verb Es: I do not like to draw.
Personal pronouns : I/you/he/she/it/you/we/they I , in sequence with other pronouns or nouns, it is placed at the end Es: Lisa hung out with John and I.
To be, simple present tense: I am/I am not, you are/you are not, she is/she is not etc… Positive : Subject + Verb Negative : Subject + Verb + “ Not” Interrogative: Swap the subject with the verb, verb + subject Es: She is not a student. Am I gay?
In informal conversations, it's possibile to combine verb and subject. Es: I don't think so I'm gay.
To Be is used to talk about:
- Age
- Health
- Distance
- Height
- Price
- Measurements
Es: She's 170cm tall. I'm fine. That dress is 20 euros.
Simple present tense: Use it to describe:
Habits and routines : She walks to school every day. General truths and facts: The earth orbits the sun. Permanent situations : He works at a bank. Scheduled future events: The flight leaves at 6 PM. Instructions/directions : You press the button and wait.
How to form it: subject + verb + (example) I think tomatoes taste funny.
Negative : subject + don't / doesn't + base verb I don't know. She doesn't live here.
Question : Do / Does + subject + base verb +? Do they speak English? Does he drive?
Third person spelling (-s): Most verbs: add -s ( run; runs ) End in - s, -sh, -ch, -x, -o : add -es ( go; goes ) Consonant + -y: -ies ( study; studies ) Irregular: have; has
There is/There isn't: "There is" uses the verb to be to talk about the existence or presence of something. The interrogative/negative form is the same as the to be, present simple one (subject + verb + not, verb + subject) Es: There is, there is not, is there?
There is: singular or uncountable nouns There is a cat on the roof. / There's some milk in the fridge.
There are : plural nouns There are three chairs in the room.
Common uses:
Describing a place : There is a park near my house. Describing a situation : There is a problem with the computer. Talking about availability: There aren't any tickets left.
Short answers: In English, people don't reply with just yes/no, but they use: Yes, she is; no, he has not; etc… The affermative form can not be shrunk, the negative one can Es: Yes there is; No there isn’t
Definite Article: The Indefinitive articles: a/an “A” is used in front of words starting with a consonant or with J and W. “An” is used in front of words starting with a vowel and mute H ( hour, heir, honour, honest)
Present Continuous Tense : expresses actions happening right now, temporary situations, or planned future events.
Structure: Subject + am/is/are + verb(-ing) I am thinking about moving to Spain.
When to Use It:
- Action happening right now "She is talking on the phone."
- Temporary situations "I am staying at a hotel this week."
- Changing or developing situations "The weather is getting colder."
- Planned future arrangements "We are meeting tomorrow at 9."
- Annoying habits (with "always") "He is always interrupting me!”
Negative Form: Subject + am/is/are + not + verb(-ing) "I am not sleeping." / "They aren't coming."
Question Form: Am/Is/Are + subject + verb(-ing)? "Is he studying?" / "Are you listening?”
Future Simple Tense (will) Structure Subject + will + base verbNegative: subject + used to + whatever Question: Did/Didn't + subject+ used to + whatever
To Be Used To: Structure: Subject + am/is/are/was/were + used to + noun / verb(-ing)
When to Use Describes being accustomed to something (familiar, not difficult anymore)
Can be used in any tense by changing be
Example Present : “I am used to waking up early." Past: “ She was used to the cold weather.” Future: “You will be used to it soon.”
To Get Used To: Structure: Subject + get/gets/got + used to + noun / verb(-ing)
When to Use Describes the process of becoming accustomed to something
Focuses on change over time, not a fixed state
Example Present : "I am getting used to my new job." Past : " He got used to living alone." Future : " You will get used to the schedule.”
Future Simple Tense ( will ): Structure: Subject + will + base verb
Example : Positive: “ She will call you tomorrow." Negative: " He won't come to the party ." Question: " Will you help me ?”
When to Use: Spontaneous decisions made at the moment of speaking "It's cold! I will close the window."
Predictions based on opinion or belief "I think it will rain tomorrow."
Promises "I will always love you."
Offers "I will carry your bags."
Threats or warnings "If you do that again, you will regret it."
Facts about the future "The sun will rise at 6am.”
Future Continuous Tense: Structure: Subject + will be + verb(-ing)
Example Positive: "I will be working at 9pm tonight.”
Negative: “She won't be sleeping when you arrive.”
Question: "Will you be waiting for me?”
When to Use
Action in progress at a specific future time "This time tomorrow, I will be flying to London."
Planned or expected future action "Don't call at noon — I will be having lunch."
Polite enquiries about someone's plans "Will you be using the car tonight?"
Two simultaneous future actions "While she will be cooking, he will be setting the table.”
Future Perfect Tense: Structure: Subject + will have + past participle
Example Positive: “ I will have finished by 6 p.m” Negative: “ She won't have arrived by then” Question: “ Will you have completed it by monday?”
When to Use
Action completed before a specific future time " By next year, I will have graduated ."
Duration up to a future point " By Friday, she will have worked here for 10 years ."
Assumption that something is already done " Don't worry — he will have left by now.”
To Be Going To: Structure: Subject + am/is/are + going to + base verb
Example Positive: " We are going to travel next summer ." Negative: " I am not going to accept that ." Question: " Are you going to attend the meeting?”
When to Use
Pre-planned intentions or decisions made before the moment of speaking " I am going to study medicine." (already decided)
Predictions based on present evidence " Look at those clouds — it is going to rain!"
Special Rule : "Were" instead of "Was" In formal English, were is used for all persons (including I, he, she, it)
2. Perfect Conditional Tense (Also called the Third Conditional) Structure: If + past perfect, subject + would have + past participle ex: if i had studied harder, i would have passed the exam
When to Use
Imaginary past situations, things that did NOT happen “If she had left earlier, she would have caught the train." (but she didn't leave early)
Regrets about the past "If I had saved more money, I would have bought that house ."
Criticism of past actions "If you had listened, you wouldn't have made that mistake."
Speculation about past events "If the weather had been better, we would have gone to the beach.”
Mixed Conditionals Sometimes the past condition affects the present result, or a present condition affects a past result. These are called Mixed Conditionals:
Type A : Past condition Present result If + past perfect, would + base verb "If I had studied medicine, I would be a doctor now." ( I didn't study medicine in the past → I'm not a doctor now )
Type B: Present condition: Past result If + past simple, would have + past participle
" If I weren't so shy, I would have spoken to her at the party ." ( I am shy now → I didn't speak to her then )
Present Perfect Tense: Structure: Subject + have/has + past participle ex: She has a rare disease that eats away at her brain.
When to Use Life experiences (without specifying when) "I have travelled to Japan."
Recent actions with present relevance "She has broken her leg." (she still has a broken leg)
Actions completed at an unspecified time "He has read that book."
Changes over time "The city has changed a lot."
Achievements "Scientists have discovered a new planet ."
Actions still relevant now "I have lost my keys." (I still can't find them )
With time expressions "I have never tried sushi.”
Present Perfect Continuous Tense Structure: Subject + have/has + been + verb(-ing) ex: I have been crying a lot lately, it might be because of my depression.
When to Use Action that started in the past and is still continuing "He has been studying for 3 hours." (and is still studying
Recent activity with visible present results " She looks tired — she has been running ."
Temporary situation ongoing up to now "I have been staying at a hotel this week."
Repeated actions over a period of time " They have been arguing a lot lately."
To emphasize duration “How long have you been learning English?”
Past Perfect Tense: Structure: Subject + had + past participle Ex: She had finished her homework before dinner
When to Use Action completed before another past action "When I arrived, she had already left."
Action completed before a specific past time "By 9pm, he had finished all his work."
Giving background information in a story "She was nervous because she had never spoken in public before ."
Reported speech (backshift from Present Perfect) "She said she had seen that film ."
Third Conditional "If I had known, I would have helped."
Unfulfilled wishes or regrets "I wished I had studied harder.”
Past Perfect Continuous Tense: Structure: Subject + had + been + verb(-ing) “She had been working for 8 hours when she finally stopped.”
