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GRAMMAR Explanations There are many features of texts which help the reader understand how the information in the text is organised. Text Organisers This term covers a wide range of words and phrases which make text easier to understand. A selection is given here. + Adding a point As well as the obvious dangers, there was the weather to be considered. In addition to the obvious dangers, there was the weather to be considered. Not only were there the obvious dangers, but there was also the weather to be considered. m Developing a point Besides/furthermore/in addition/moreover/what's more/on top of that/to make matters worse, smoking has been directly linked to lung cancer. + Contrast The identity of the attacker is known to the police. However/nevertheless/an the same no name has been released. The identity of the attacker is known to the police. No name has, however/all the same, been released. (ADthough/while/even though/despite the fact that the identity of the attacker is known to the police, no name has been released. The identity of the attacker is known to the police. A name has nevertheless/none the less/still not been released. No, I didn't say the President got it wrong. On the contrary, 1 think he's handled the affair superbly. I prefer city life as opposed to country life. I prefer city life, whereas John prefers country life. Donahue established his reputation as a novelist. In contrast, his new book is a non-fiction work. + Explaining reasons The government does not intend to cause any further provocation. As a result/'accordingly'/thus/hence/'consequently'/for that reason, all troops have been withdrawn. The employers have promised to investigate these complaints, and we in turn have agreed to end the strike. 167 ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 168 Making generalisations Broadly speaking, generally speaking, on the whole, by and large, to a large/some/a certain extent, this has been an encouraging year for the company. Starting That's absolute rubbish! For a starvfirst of alVin the first place/for one thing, itwas Rod who said that, not me. And secondly ... Giving new information She then turned to Henry, who incidentally/by the way is now about two metres tall, and said ... By the way/incidentally, do you remember an old friend ofours called Ransom? Concession/qualification OK, so you two have had a few problems. Even so/all the same, 1 don't see why you need to split up. Lancaster is a man ofgreat personal integrity. Having said that/even so/all the same, 1 don't think he'd make a good chairman. Reality What did you think of Death in Action"? To be (perfectly) honest/to tell the truth, I can't stand films like that. ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 170 Read the interview and decide which answer (A, B or C) best fits each space. Interviewer: The recent scandal involving your finance minister has done little to restore public confidence in the government. Minister: (1) ...C....., I think the 'scandal', as you call it, has shown us to be a very moral party. The minister concerned resigned his post and showed great contrition for what he'd done. Int: (2)........., a scandal is a scandal. (3).........., a senior minister accepts a large donation on behalf of his party from the entrepreneur Robert Tivwell, then five weeks later, Tivwell's company, which (4)......... just happens to be nearly bankrupt, wins a contract with the government worth millions of pounds. Min: Well, as I say, the minister has resigned, (5) I should point out that there is technically nothing illegal about what he did. Int: Yes, there is, minister. It's called bribery. Min: Well you can call it that if you want. 1 prefer to call it 'sharp practice' (6).......... But it happens, it's always happened, and I'm sure it'1l continue to happen. (7). , We will not condone this kind of financial dealing and will continue to stamp down on it. Int: This is pure double talk! Min: No that's not true. (8).........we take such matters extremely seriously. But we are realistic enough to know that we can't eliminate them altogether. You see, there is nothing to stop people or companies making donations to parties - (9)......... ifwe didn't have such money, we wouldn't be able to survive. It's just that the timing of such payments can be unfortunate. So each case has to be investigated on its merits. But (10) , this practice is causing less controversy than it has done under previous governments. 1) A Incidentally B First of all C On the contrary 2) A Even so B As a matter of fact CHence 3) A By and large B Consequently C First of all 4) A in contrast B incidentally C at any rate 5) A despite B although Cwhereas 6) A anyway Bfurthermore C to be honest 7) A Having said that BMoreover C To make matters worse 8) A Asa result B As a matter of fact C To some extent 9) A although B thus C indeed 10) A in contrast B in addition C broadly speaking GRAMMAR 27 LINKING WORDS AND PHRASES Read the text and decide which answer (A, B or C) best fits each space. Starting your own business could be the way to achieving financial independence. (1) ..B...it could just as well land you in debt for the rest of your life. (2). , that is the view of Charles and Brenda Leggat, a Scottish couple, who last week saw their fish farm business put into the hands of the receiver. 'We started the business at a time when everyone was being encouraged by the banks to borrow money. (3). , we fell into the same trap, and asked for a big loan. (4). ...., at the time we were sure that we could make it into a going concern,' said Charles Leggat, a farmer from the Highlands. The bank analysed the proposals we put forward and they agreed that it would be a highly profitable business.' Sure enough, within five years the Leggats were exporting trout and salmon products to hotels all over Europe, and (5)......... they took on over fifty staff. (6).........., with the advent of the recession, they began to lose ground as orders dried up. '(7). , said Brenda Leggat, 'the business has now been valued by the bank at a fraction of its true worth. If they had left us to work our way out of our difficulties, (8) virtually bankrupting us, 1 am sure that we could have gone back into profit. As it is, we have been left without a livelihood, and the bank has not recovered what it lent us.' The Leggats both felt that their banks had not treated them fairly.'(9).........., they were falling over themselves to lend us the money initially, (10) now they are doing very little to keep the business going, and fifty local people in work.' A spokesman for the bank concerned refused to comment. 1) A Moreover B On the other hand C As well as 2) A At least BHowever C To make matters worse 3) A Incidentally B At any rate C Asaresult 4) A To put it another way B Nevertheless C In contrast 5) A what's more B on the other hand C to tell the truth 6) A Hence B Consequently C However 7) A In contrast BWhereas C To make matters worse 8) A as opposed to B as well as C in addition to 9) A However B To tell the truth C Asaresult 10) A as well as Bwhereas C on the other hand 171 Punctuation GRAMMAR 28 PUNCTUATION AND SPELLING Commas Commas are used to separate items in lists, before question tags, to separate clauses, after and around certain linking words. See Grammar 27. I've been to Dallas, New Orleans, Kansas and Tampa Bay. Sue is a lovely girl, isn't she? Ifyou see Kevin, tell him his photocopies are ready. Broadly speaking, 1 agree with what you are saying. Ido not, however, agree with your lastpoint. Note that commas are not used between a subject and its verb, or in defining relative clauses. The lady standing over there at the bus stop is my next-door neighbour. Will the pupil who threw that paper dartplease stand up now. mM Apostrophes Apostrophes are used to indicate letters omitted, possession and plurals of letters and figures. Letters omitted: /f's warm today. Possession: Jack's car, the player's entrance, the people's decision Possessive its does not have an apostrophe. Plurals: There are two I's in 'specially”. Are these 7's or 3's? Colons and semi-colons Colons introduce examples, lists, and statements which give in detail what has been stated in general. There were two possible courses ofaction: borrowing from the bank, or asking for more time to find the money elsewhere. Semi-colons divide parts of long sentences or long phrases in a list; itis usually possible to divide one sentence into shorter ones, so that semi-colons are unnecessary. 173 ADVANCED LANGUAGE PRACTICE 1 Add the necessary commas, (semi) colons and apostrophes to these texts. Tve been to the following Italian cities Rome Florence Genoa and Pisa. I thought Rome was incredible the food was great the views were fantastic and 1 will never forget the vivacious people. The Italians' legendary hospitality was nowhere more evident than in the capital city. But my all-time favourite is probably Genoa with its fabulous hill-top houses and its dusty mountains reverberating to the sound of grasshoppers. I spent many a happy hour looking down on the seething city below and the sea beyond. Best of all the city's location at the heart of the Italian Riviera meant that fabulous resorts like Portofino and Camogli were only a train ride away. Water is becoming a more and more precious commodity so save as much as you can. Flushing the toilet accounts for a third of all household water use so don't flush wastefully. If you are only getting rid of a tissue for example resist the habit of reaching for the handle or chain. Take a shower rather than a bath it uses about a third of the water. And don't keep the water running all the time when you wash or clean your teeth. If you have a garden try to find ways of saving water outside such as using a water butt to collect rain water rather than using a hosepipe to water your flowers. A simple pipe connecting external gutters to a water butt can save an awful lot of water. 2 For each pair of sentences, find two words with the same sound but different spelling. a) I cannot ..bear. to see any animal suffering. The giant pulled the roof off the house with his ...bare...... hands. b) As soon as the policeman was out of................. , One of the men broke a window. This spot you are standing on was once the..................ofa great battle. c) The dress showed off Maria's beautiful slender.................. Quite frankly, this whole scheme has been a..................of time and money. d) In the novel, Cruz is a clever servant who alwayS................. through his master's plots. Armed police were sent to the house to................. the gang's weapons. e) Mix the apples and almonds into a fine................. and pour it into a jug. The Inspector.................up and down the room, considering his next move. 174 
