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Evans, se of Engl 5, V. (2014). FCE Use of English 1. Teacher's book. Berkshire. Express Publishing, Unit 1: Modals (pp. 3-10) Modals A] The modal verbs are: can, could, may, might, must, ought to, will, would, shall, should. They take no -s in 1 the third person singular. She can sing well. They come before the subject in questions and are followed by “not” in negations. “May / use your phone?” “I'm afraid you can't”. The modal verbs, except for “ought”, are followed by an infinitive without to. You ought to be there on time. Certain verbs and expressions have virtually the same meaning as some modals. These are: need (= must), had better (= should), have to/have got to (= must), be able to (= can), used to (= would) etc. You'd better go. Modal verbs are used to express: ability, advice, criticism, logical assumptions, necessity, offers, obligation/duty, permission, possibility, prohibition, requests or suggestions. She can't have left yet. Her coat's still here. l have got to meet my boss for lunch. May | have a glass of water? Shall we go and see Andrea tonight? We should be home before midnight. She can speak four languages fluently. Can | leave early today? request suggestion probability ability permission You should stop spending so much money. advice/criticism [a] Identify the use of the verbs in bold, then write a synonymous expression. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 They must have got married recently. 10 You needn*t buy a present. 11 Peter might be able to come tonight. ..logical assumption... ...l don't think... necessity/obligation It is necessary/l must Can/Could 1? Let's go/What about going? We ought to/We'Il probably She is able to May l/Could 1? You ought to/You had better logical assumption Pm sure absence of necessity possibility 12 He could have at least phoned me last night. — criticism 13 Would you like me to make the arrangements? offer 14 You can't leave your bags here, sir. 15 All employees had to work overtime. 16 You don't need to book in advance. 17 Can you give Cathy a message? prohibition duty lack of necessity request 18 She should phone to confirm her appointment. advice/criticism 19 Shall we go shopping at the weekend? A Fill in the blanks as in the example. She could swim before she could walk. He must be an actor. Shall we have a barbecue tonight? He may be busy. Would you mind finishing the report before you leave? Shall | show you the way? You should exercise regularly. Children mustn't play on the grass. You should have told him the truth. You have to wear a school uniform. He can't be coming tonight. You may board the plane now. May | borrow your book, please? | must send the letter today. She can't have lost it. i obligation : logical assumption : permission (formal) : : polite request : necessity/obligation : logical assumption suggestion ability ... It's not necessary/You don't have to l's possible He should have Shall 1? You mustn't They were obliged to You don't have to Would you She ought to Let's go SYNONYMOUS EXPRESSION ...She was able to swim before : she was able to walk. ... : logical assumption : suggestion : possibility : polite request : offer : advice ¿ prohibition ¿ advice/criticism P'm sure he's an actor. Why don't we have a barbecue tonight?/ Let's have a barbecue tonight. Perhaps he's busy. Could you finish the report before you leave? Would you like me to show you the way? It's a good idea to exercise regularly. : Children are not allowed to play on the grass. : Itwould have been better if you had : told him the truth. - You are expected to wear a school uniform. E don't think he's coming tonight. You can board the plane now. : Could | borrow your book, please? + lts urgent that | send the letter today. : 'm sure she hasn't lost it. | Summary of Functions of Modal Verbs SE ¿PAST ¡ PRESENT / FUTURE le can speak Japanese. He could/was able to speak Japanese. (repeated action — ability in the past) ¡ We were able to go on a three-month tour of : Australia. (single action) he's able to make people laugh. le can still be at work. (90% certain) ¿ he could be angry. (50% certain; it's possible she: We could have had an accident. (luckily we didn't) angry) ¡ally may be teaching. (50% certain; it's possible : John may have broken that vase. (perhaps he did it) hat she ¡is teaching) ou might need to come tomorrow. (40% certain; : Jane might have lost our telephone number. erhaps you need to come tomorrow) (perhaps she has lost it) s likely that Sue will give up working. lt was likely that she had taken the last train. ue is 1) to give dB Working. * ¿She was IsillkelY to have taken e last train. hey wit be in Spain tomorrow. ¿ zn 00% certain; prediction) le should see him there. (90% certain; future only; 's probable) he ought to be in Canada by now. (90% certain; she will pe be in Canedo) ¡ He should have finished by now. : (He has probably finished.) : They ought to have started the course by now. : (They have penado started the Sueca) He must be exhausted. (90% certain - positive; P'm sure he's exhausted) She can't be serious. (negative; 'm sure she's not : She can't have married Ted. (negative; l'm sure serious) ¿ she didn't marry Ted) They couldn't be on holiday. (negative; : They couldn't have been friends. E don't think Ane are on asiste) l (esas E don't think they were nuse) ¡He sz have won the oO! (positive; ná sure ; he has won the pools) permission Nod e n/cant hero a party. (lina or aa He MENE allowed t/equidnt board the Slañs. permission; informal) ¡ He was allowed to see the patient. (NOT: ceule) Could | be excused? (more polite; asking for H = permission) B : You may be excused,. (formal; giving permission): =- : Might | bring a friend to the wedding? (more h = : formal; asking for permission) ¿ Pm afraid you can't/mustn't have visitors, H = (informal; refusing permission) Guests may not smoke in their rooms. (formal; refusing permission — written notice) hecessity | must return these books soon. (I say so) had to return the books to the library. (I was : obliged to) She has to find a new job. (necessity coming from: She had to find a new job after she was outside the speaker) : dismissed. They've got to sell their caravan. (informal) : They had to sell their caravan. The plants need watering. or The plants The plants needed watering. or The plants need to be watered. (it's necessary) needed to be watered. (itwas necessary) She doesn't have to/doesn't need to/ She didn't have to/didn't need to work as hard needn't leave when they do. (itisn't necessary: as me. (itwasn't necessary for her to work as absence of necessity) hard as me and she didn't absence of necessity) We ought to reply to the invitation. (i's necessary) : She needn't have got a taxi. (it wasn't necessary for her to get a taxi but she did) Modals 1 Summary of Functions of Modal Verbs USE : PRESENT / FUTURE : PAST advice You should try to make more of an You should have paid m more e attention. effort. (general advice; | advise you) : (but you didn't) You ought to keep to the speed limit. : She ought to have reserved a table. (l advise you; most people believe this) (but she didn't) You had better not keep her waiting. (It's not : Itwould have been better if you hadn'tt a good idea; advice on a specific situation) kept her waiting. (but you did) Shall | apply for the job? (asking for advice) e : She could at least have waited until 5 o'clock. : They should have warned us, (but they didn't) You ought to have been more polite to her. (It was the OS nn to do, but pel didn't do oie) : She could at least wait until 5 o'clock. : They should warn us. : You ought to be more polite to her, obligation | must get more exercise. (l need to; | say so) : | have to get more exercise. (I'm obliged : to; the doctor says so) : We ought to give more money to charity. E (It's the right thing to do, but we don't E always do it.) I had to get more exercise hsaten 1 was unfit. l had to get more exercise because | was unfit. : We ought to have given more money to charity. (It was the right thing to do but we didn't do it.) requests : Can l use your phone? (informal) E Could | use your phone? (polite) An May | make a phone call, please? (formal) > Might | borrow your pen? (very formal) 2% Will you give me a hand? (very friendly) ¿ A Would you mind ME me? pesa 5 offers Can Ue do ia to help? toma: Shall l/we help you tidy up? (informal) ¿ Would 1you like me to do it for you suggestions Shall we cu dore a drink? : 1/we can always leave early. We could eat out BE if yen want. He could have asked for advice. They oie wear jeans at or ey weren't allowed to) Yan Ci wear jeans at a Goa aren't ¿ allowed to) ¿ You mustn't walk on the grass. (it's forbidden) You may not talk during the test. (formal) All members must follow the rules. ¿ All members had to follow the rules. People ought to live in peace. (It's the right thing She ought to have treated us more fairly. (It was : to do, but people don't do it.) : the right thing to do but she didn't always do it.) El Rephrase the following in as many ways as possible. (See Suggested Answer section) 1 She might have misunderstood you. 2 |'m sure they are tired. 3 They ought to pay more attention. 4 | don't think she's sold her house. 5 It's likely that he'll object. 6 We may have to wait for them. 7 'm sure she isn't Australian. 8 'm sure he is terrified. 9 We ought to offer to help. 10 They'Il probably want something to eat. 11 You can't park here. 12 He should have warned us about the dog. Modals q Expressions similar to Modal Verbs O Be supposed to + infinitive means “should” but it expresses the idea that someone else expects something to be done. You're supposed to wear a suit to work. (Your employer expects you to.) You should wear a suit. (lt ís a good idea because ¡t makes a better impression.) O Beto + infinitive means “must” but it expresses the idea that someone else demands something. lam to report for military training. (It's the law so | must obey.) | must report for military training. (tf 1 don't, the army will look for me.) Be supposed to and be to are used to express what someone expects about a previously arranged event. Recruíts are supposed to/are to have a haircut when they arrive. (It is scheduled.) O Be likely to means “may” (possibility). To express possibility in questions we don't use “may”, we use: Is he likely to ...?, Is it likely that he ...?, Can he ...?, Could he ...?, Might he ...?. Is he likely to understand my feelings? Is it likely that he will understand my feelings? Could he understand my feelings? Would you mind is used to express polite, formal requests. Would you mind holding this for a moment? Lebs.../How about...?/Why don't we...?/What about...? are used to make suggestions. Let's stay in tonight. How about staying in tonight? Why don't we stay in tonight? What about staying in tonight? Would you like to/Would you like me to...? (= Shall 1...?) are used when we offer to do something. Would you like me to read you a story? (Shall | read you a story?) Be allowed to is used to express permission, to say what the rule is. He was allowed to visit the prisoner. (NOT: Gotlel-he-visi) Was he allowed to visit the prisoner? El_tow else can we say the following? 1. Itis likely that she has got lost. ...She ¡s likely to have got lost... 2 Shall | book a ticket for you as well? Would you like me to book a ticket for you as well? 3 How about inviting Paul and Helen? Why don't we invite Paul and Helen?/Let's invite Paul and Helen. 4 | amto welcome the guests and show them to their rooms. I'm supposed to welcome the guests and show them to their rooms. Might he have forgotten all about it? Is he likely to have forgotten all about it?/Is it likely that he forgot all about it? You have to wait until dark before you leave. You are to wait until dark before you leave. ou E Fill in a modal or a synonymous expression and the appropriate form of the verb in brackets. There's no reply when | ring him. He ...must have left... (leave) the office already. Don't give up so easily. You could do (do) it if you tried a little harder. That's no excuse! You know you were to/should/ought to have finished (finish) this report by today. He might/may have mentioned (mention) his plans on the phone last night but | really can't remember, Since she crashed the car, she has had to walk (walk) to work every day. If you find something valuable, you should/ought to take (take) it to the nearest police station. Passengers are not allowed to/must not walk (not/walk) across the lines. They should use the footbridge. You should/ought to have known (know) better than to tell her all your secrets. You are to/must/ought to/should destroy (destroy) the letter as soon as you receive it. 10 You can/may enter (enter) the building if you have a special pass. 11 Can you help me? | need to/would like to/must find out (find out) what time the London train arrives. 12 He looks very annoyed. He must have been waiting (wait) for ages. 13 | was supposed to take/should have taken (take) the library books back yesterday but | forgot and now P'Il have to pay a fine. 14 Increased sales mean that all employees will be given (be given) an extra Christmas bonus. 15 Would you mind taking/Would you take (you/take) grandma to the cinema tonight as | have to go out? 16 When | was at school we weren't allowed to wear (not/wear) jewellery. 17 You should/ought to/could have brought (bring) the map with you so we wouldn't have to ask people the way. 18 Those bags look heavy. Shall/Can/Could | carry (l/carry) some of them for you? 19 Don't pretend you don't know that you have to/need to have (have) a valid ticket on the bus. 20 You could/might/should/ought to have rung (ring) me to let me know you'd be late. | was worried. CONDADO N= Modals In Other Words Perhaps he is working now. > Helis likely to buy a sports car. He may be working now. It is likely that he will buy a sports car. P'm sure he hasn't got the letter yet. He'Il probably buy a sports car. He can't have got the letter yet. 2 Itisn't necessary for him to work today. ''m sure she understood. He doesn't have to/doesn't need to/needn't work She must have understood. today. Shall | help you do your homework? 2 Itwasn't necessary for them to buy so much food. Would you like me to help you do your homework? They needn't have bought so much food. Was it necessary for you to help her? It would be a good idea to avoid eating sweets. Did you need to help her? You should avoid eating sweets. It's forbidden to smoke in here. 0 Lets try doing this exercise, You mustn't smoke in here. Shall we try doing this exercise? You aren't allowed to smoke in here. 2 Would you mind if | used your pen? May/Might | use your pen? 110] Complete the sentences using the words in bold. Use two to five words. 1 2 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Perhaps the bridge collapsed because of the storm. have The bridge ...may/might have collapsed... because of the storm. Hell probably come to the party. likely He is likely to come to the party. You mustn't photograph any of the paintings. allowed You are not allowed to photograph any of the paintings. lts forbidden to touch the statues in the museum. touch You mustn't touch the statues in the museum. P'm sure he didn't cheat in the exam. cheated He can't have cheated in the exam. Was it necessary for you to call a doctor? need Did you need to call a doctor? Shall | carry your shopping for you? me Would you like me to carry your shopping for you? P'm sure Ann didn't do it on purpose. have Ann can't have done it on purpose. Might | take some photos? if Would you mind if | took some photos? Let's go and see “The Blob” tonight, we Shall we go and see “The Blob” tonight? Itisn't necessary for you to do that exercise. a need You don't need to do that exercise. p lt would be a good idea to eat less high-cholesterol food. should You should eat less high-cholesterol food. ltwasn't necessary for him to take a coat but he did. taken He needn't have taken a coat. P'm sure Ann spends all her money on clothes, spend Ann must spend all her money on clothes. Was it necessary for you to say that? have Did you have to say that? P'm sure he knew what he was doing. known He must have known what he was doing. Modals [141 Use the words in capitals to form a word that fits in the space in the same line. LEBRITY CHEF Becoming (0) ...successful... in your career is often a SUCCESS (D) combination of hard work, the right background and luck. Top COMBINE chef, Jamie Oliver, is a good example. His parents were restaurant owners, so from an early age Jamie had the chance to develop his (2) creative skills in the kitchen. He CREATE attended colleges in London and France, and gained several years” (3) practical experience in London restaurants. In the PRACTISE famous River Café, in particular, Jamie made his TV debut when a (4) documentary about the restaurant was being filmed there. From DOCUMENT there, he has never looked back. His own (5) cookery programme, COoK The Naked Chef, became a (6) national/nation-wide favourite. He has NATION also published many highly popular cook books. Two things have made Jamie stand out as a chef. The first is his chain of restaurants, Fifteen, that (7) specialise in training young SPECIAL people from poor backgrounds in the catering business. The second is his campaign to ban (8) unhealthy junk food from being HEALTH served in British schools, replacing it with more nutritional meals. Make speculations for the following pictures as in the example. (See Suggested Answer section) He is a disabled man. He can't walk. He may have had a car accident. The lady may be his wife. eto 
