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WORKBOOK

CAROL NUTTALL a n d AMANDA FRENCH

ADVANCED

OUTCOMES

\ HEINLE

CENGAGE Learning'

stralia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States

• V HEINLE

t% CENGAGE Learning"

Outcomes Advanced Workbook Carol Nuttall and Amanda French Publisher: Jason Mann Senior Commissioning Editor: John Waterman Development Editor: Karen White Senior Marketing Manager: Ruth McAleavey Content Project Editor: Amy Smith Production Controller: Denise Power Cover and text designer: Studio April Compositor: eMC Design Ltd.

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1 2 3 4 5 67 89 1 0 - 16 15 14 13 12

01

CITIES

V o c a b u l a r y city life L i s t e n i n g

A Complete the sentences w ith the words in the box. congested run down spotless sprawling vibrant well-run 1 At rush hour in Bangkok, thousands of motorcycles hit the streets. The centre's really

2 There was no rubbish anywhere in the city centre. It was com pletely .......................... 3 Istanbul is a big, ........................ city. It seems to go on for miles and miles. 4 The area is v e ry ........................ , with many buildings in poor condition or completely derelict. 5 We have a v e ry ........................ bus service. Over 95% of all buses arrive on tim e. 6 Reykjavik's nightlife is rea lly ........................ , with lots of great bars and nightclubs.

В M atch the descriptions of places (1-6) w ith the adjectives (a-g). There is one extra adjective th at you don’t need to use. 1 There's nothing to do here. 2 Unemployment and poverty are big problems for the area. 3 There was a sports car parked in every driveway. 4 Copenhagen is one of Europe's sm allest capital cities, but it packs a lot in! 5 Thanks to an inept and inefficient local council, the transport network is in a mess. 6 Graffiti covered every wall, and waste was piled high in the streets.

filthy dangerous deprived dull compact’ f chaotic 'v g affluent

A % 1.1 Listen to part of a radio program m e in w hich two students give th eir opinions of a city. W hich city (a-с ) are they talking about?

В Listen again. Who is m ore positive about the aspects of life in the city: Aytak (A) or Eileen (Е)? Or neither (-) or both (А+Е)? 1 the climate ........ 2 the city centre ........ 3 the cleanliness ........ 4 the local accent ........ 5 the local people ........ 6 the safety ........ 7 the nightclubs ........ a

Learner tip^ ■Ss Understanding a speaker's tone can often help you work out their opinion or attitude. For example, is the speaker’s voice neutral or emotional? Do they sound bored, angry, enthusiastic or sarcastic?

4 OUTCOMES

D e v e l o p i n g w r i t i n g An informal email - writing a reply

A Read the em ail. W rite questions from the prompts (a-d) and use th em to com plete the gaps (1-4). a for / you / when / best / be /? :............. Ы к; ... ..u :...'.:.- ...;.. /.Lib ..... b d o / h o w / y o u /?

с there / anything / on / good / be /?

d w hat / be / like / it /?

• o o

m o o

To Arlene ШШ *

From Sushant : 1 " ....

Subject 1 Holidays!

И

1... L I’m studying like crazy here, because it’s my finals next week. So apologies if this is just a quick message. I’ve been thinking a lot about your invite to come and stay, and yes, I’d love to! My exam s finish on Friday, so I could get on a train any time after th e n .2........

I’ve never seen your hometown, so I’m really looking forward to it!3........ I’d really like to explore, and maybe go to some local events t o o .4..... ,. Anyway, I’d better get back to my revision. Speak soon!

Sushant

Sushant Arlene Re: Holidays!

Hi Sushant,

That’s great news! I’m studying for my exam s at the moment too, but I’ll have finished by next Saturday, so why don’t you come then? I know what you mean about the need to g e t 1 out and about / up and around. I’m sick and 2tired / bored of these four walls! Let’s hit the town on your visit. Belfast’s got a wild clubbing scene, so w e ’ll be spoilt for choice. Restaurants are really pricey, though, so w e ’ll give them a 3 m iss / lossl

Anyway, you’ll love Belfast. It’s a friendly, cosmopolitan city, with a really vibrant feel to it. In the last few years there’ve been a lot of changes. It used to be a b it 4 run down / affluent in places, but it’s all been 5done / m ade up, and now it’s a tourist hot-spot! There are some very trendy boutiques, if you’re into that kind of thing. I think the Music Festival’s going to be on that week so we could check 6out / up some bands, if you’re up for that?

В Read the reply on the right. W hich topics does Arlene m ention? nightlife what's on architecture atmosphere countryside language food shopping

С Choose the correct words to com plete Arlene’s reply.

D Find words and expressions in Arlene’s em ail w hich m ean the sam e as 1 -. 1 go into town for a night out ........................ 2 have a big selection ........................ 3 a popular destination ........................ 4 collect (someone) in a car .........................

E Im agine th at Sushant sent his em ail to you. W rite a reply (1 5 0 -1 9 0 words) to Sushant, answ ering his questions and giving inform ation about your tow n or city. Include three or four of the topics from exercise B.

Let me know when your train gets in, and I’ll come and pick you up.

Take care, Arlene

Learner tip We usually use shorter sentences in informal w riting as they sound chattier and friendlier. Use informal linkers too, such as too rather than in addition to, or anyway instead of w h a ts more.

01 CITIES 5

within three days. W hen a group of stubborn motorists attempted to drive through the new pedestrian area, Lerner arranged for local primary schools to hold a painting workshop on the streets. The drivers were forced to turn back. Luckily for Lerner, this rebellion was short-lived. The ensuing increase in turnover rapidly persuaded shop owners to change their minds. W hat’s more, the incident also effectively demonstrated that Lerner was a mayor who could get things done. Lemer’s pragmatism and determination helped shape the Curitiba of today. The average income per capita has risen from a level that was below the Brazilian average in the 1970s to 66% above the average, and surveys indicate high levels of resident satisfaction. So, is it all just one big success story? In some respects, Curitiba may have been too successful for its own good. People and businesses have flocked to the city, which now has more than 1.8 million residents. This has put the city under enormous strain. Forty years ago, buses transported 54, passengers a day. Now the number is 2.3 million. According to some experts, the transport system has reached its maximum efficiency capacity. Following a surge in complaints about the noisy and packed buses, the service is in decline. W hat’s more, the city is struggling to provide sufficient housing, employment and school places for all its new residents. How long Curitiba can retain its image as a model sustainable city depends on what planners will do next - one thing’s for certain, the city will keep on changing.

Glossary

graze: eat grass flock to: go to (a place) in large numbers sustainable: capable of being continued with minimum long-term damage to the environment

Like m any o th e r m ajo r w orld cities, C u ritib a in southern B razil has had to deal w ith issues such as pollution, poverty, and lim ited public funding. H o w ever, the a rch ite ct and th re e-tim e s m ayo r of the city, Jaim e L e rn e r, has introduced so m e innovative solutions.

As part of his ‘Master Plan’, Lerner hoped to make the city more environmentally friendly. He initiated a recycling scheme based on an ‘incentives’ system. In return for delivering recyclable rubbish to specified processing points, residents receive a bag of vegetables or bus tokens. As a result, Curitiba now has one of the highest recycling rates in the world. Lerner also ordered the creation of 26 urban parks. As well as curbing pollution, these control flooding. They also make an unusual sight for tourists - as a low-cost method to keep the lawns in trim, sheep are allowed to graze there!

Easing traffic congestion presented a challenge as resources were limited, but Lerner came up with the idea of a rapid transit bus system, with extra long buses and special ‘pod’ shaped bus stops all over the city. It runs as swiftly as an underground railway but for a tenth of the cost. Commuters were delighted. Lerner did not win over all the city’s residents immediately, however. W hen his plans to pedestrianise part of the centre were passed, local businesses were up in arms, fearing a reduction in profits. Realising he needed to act quickly, Lerner had the transformation of six blocks completed

01 CITIES 7

01

V o c a b u l a r y changes G R A M M A R Perfect tenses

Complete the text w ith the correct form of the words in the box. decline demolish flourish overcome regenerate triple undergo

A Find and correct six m istakes in the sentences. 1 She said she hasn't been to Buenos Aires before last year. 2 My fam ily has lived in Milan until 1994. 3 I'm sure there's a reason why he didn't turn up. He may have thought you meant half past eight 4 The town hall was reopened last year, had been completely rebuilt after the fire. 5 It is believed that the number of university graduates will had doubled by 2020. 6 By the tim e we got there, the concert finished. 7 Where had you been? We've been w aiting here for hours and hours! 8 Having visited the city several times, Kasia was starting to feel at home there.

В Complete the sentences w ith the correct form of the verbs in brackets. 1 It was the third tim e the c ity ........................ by an earthquake, (destroy) 2 For the last tw o years, the city co un cil ........................ the centre, (develop) 3 H e ........................ a town planner ever since 2010. (be) 4 The city m a y ........................ from the recession, but it's still facing problems with crime, (recover) 5 At the tim e I met them , th e y ........................ from city to city for many years, never making a permanent home, (travel) 6 The improved transport network is thought to ........................ an influx of new entrepreneurs to the area, (encourage) 7 up as part of the council's ‘clean up the city' campaign, the area is now more popular with affluent fam ilies, (do) 8 The new m otorw ay ........................ by this tim e next month, (complete)

Language note participle clauses

Participle clauses are often used in written English as a more concise form of expression. We can use a perfect participle clause to talk about consecutive past events. Having left town, I called home. (The speaker had already left town by the tim e they called home.)

1 almost

as for its 8 ’!

The city of New Orleans is now

as well known for its hurricane

colourful carnival.

In the aftermath of the 2005 Hurricane Katrina,

which devastated the city, New Orleans has

had to 1................ a series of major problems

in order to survive. Large areas of the city

were underwater, and many buildings were so

severely dam aged that they had to be

2 .................. The task seemed immense.

However, the disaster presented the city with

a unique opportunity for improving areas

that had long been in 3.................. A number

of new schools were built and soon proved

highly successful, with the number of pupils

4 ................ within the first two years of them

opening. Furthermore, the nature of the

disaster m eant that large parts of the city had

to 5.................major reconstruction. As a result,

the local building industry has 6................

in recent years, becom ing the area's main

source of employment. Increased interest in

flood prevention has attracted new kinds of

entrepreneurs to the area and helped to

7 ................ local business.

New Orleans may still have a way to go

towards recovery, but at this year's carnival it

may have something to celebrate again

8 OUTCOMES

CULTURE AND IDENTITY

V O C A B U LA R Y Society and culture

A Choose the best option to com plete the definitions. 1 If someone is devout, they are a very religious. b not very religious, с opposed to religion. 2 A thriving arts scene is one which is a not very popular, b long established. с doing well. 3 As a result of censorship, the media a cannot publish certain kinds of news, b is free to publish current news, с is not allowed to publish any news. 4 A secular organisation is one which a follows a particular religion. b does not have a religious nature, с respects many different religions. 5 A mild climate is a temperate. b humid. с hot. 6 If you get burgled, a thieves rob and attack you. b thieves steal from your house, с thieves take your money in the street.

L i s t e n i n g

A % 2.1 Listen to three speakers talking about celebrations. M atch the celebrations (1-3) w ith the pictures (a-c). 1 Martisor 2 Chalandamarz 3 Hinamatsuri

В Complete the sentences w ith one word in each gap. 1 The Amish are a v e ry ........................ -knit society, who live and work together. 2 Several civil services are undergoing reorganisation in an effort to c u t ........................ tape. 3 Department stores are to introduce new security measures, in an attempt to crack ........................ on credit card fraud. 4 We're finally seeing some sunshine after all t h e ........................ and drizzle of March! 5 Teachers spend a lot of their working day writing reports and in forms. 6 It's a ........................ -dominated society, w ith few women in government.

Learner tip Use headings and subheadings to categorise vocabulary in your notebook.

m

В Listen again and w rite the correct letter: M for M artisor, С for C halandam arz or H for H inam atsuri. Which celebration 1 can be expensive? 2 can be noisy? 3 involves a weather-related superstition? 4 is a religious festival? 5 lasts several days? 6 is not very old?

С W hat do the festivals have in com m on? Choose two of the following. 1 They take place in springtime. 2 Certain colours are particularly important. 3 Children play an important role. 4 People believe they may bring good luck.

10 OUTCOMES

D e v e l o p i n g c o n v e r s a t i o n s Disagreeing

A Choose the correct words. 1 I don't know o f/ about that. After all, we're living in a secular society. 2 I wouldn't go th at d ista n t/fa r. W riters should be allowed to speak their minds. 3 Isn't that a bit of an exaggeration / excess? Not all crim inals are violent. 4 That's one method / way of looking at things, but children could learn about different beliefs at home. 5 I really don't consider / see it like that myself. Nobody should be forced to join the army if they don't w ant to. 6 That's a bit over the tip / top, isn't it? I agree we need to crack down on crime, but there's got to be a better way. 7 That's a bit of an over-analysis / overstatement, isn't it? W hat about freedom of expression? 8 I'm not firm / sure about that. We can build patriotism and community spirit in other ways.

В M atch the responses (1-8) in exercise A w ith the opinions (a-d). a We should teach religion in schools. b All offenders must go to prison - they're a danger to society. с All books should be censored. d Compulsory m ilitary service is the best way to teach respect for society.

P r o n u n c i a t i o n Intonation when agreeing or disagreeing

A 4$ 2.2 Listen to the conversations and answ er the question. Does the voice go up or down at the end of a sentence w hen we 1 agree with someone? ........................ 2 disagree with someone? ........................

A: It's important to respect religious beliefs. B: Yes, I think that's essential.

A: We should teach religion in schools. B: Oh, I don't know about that.

В Practise saying the opinions and responses. A: All offenders should go to prison. B: Well, I'm not sure about that.

A: Racism is never justifiable. В: I completely agree.

A: Most government officials are corrupt. B: That's a bit of an overstatement, isn't it?

A: We need to invest more in the arts. B: Yes, they're hardly thriving at the moment.

A: Wars can be good for the economy. B: That's one way of looking at things, but I'm not sure I agree.

G R A M M A R Emphatic structures

A Put the words in the correct order. 1 me / was / w hat / of / the / number / bothered / homeless people on the streets. 2 found / thing / the / incredible / of / was / the / one / lack / I / crime. 3 me / amount / that / worries / the / thing / is / the / money / of / politicians are wasting. 4 w hat / annoys / that / the / most / me / is / no one seems to be listening. 5 one / mad / is / thing / drives / me / that / all the red tape.

В Find and correct fo u r m istakes in the sentences. 1 W hat found I difficult to cope w ith were the crowded streets. 2 The thing that amazes me the most are the strict censorship laws. 3 A thing that I couldn't get used to was the bureaucracy. 4 W hat annoyed me the most was the lack of respect. 5 One thing I hated was that the fact that the officials were so corrupt. 6 The thing that me disturbs the most is the fact that everyone seems scared.

02 CULTURE AND IDENTITY 11

02

•оо

Citizenship: a question of belonging’

D

Home page Why change citizenship?^ About us^ |^ Contact us^1

▼ Why change citizenship?

► Citizenship: FAQs ► Personal stories

Glossary

dual citizenship: citizenship of two or more countries renounce: say form ally that you no longer w ant to be connected w ith something register: form ally record your details

What does it mean to become a citizen of a different country to the one you were born in? Read about some personal experiences below.

A Geert (the Netherlands / Australia) I made Australia my home 25 years ago and I've never regretted it. The wonderful thing about this country is that it's genuinely multicultural, and 'equal opportunities' isn't just a pretty phrase. I managed to set up my own business here, and have received support from local authorities to do so. 1.........................When the possibility of dual citizenship came up, I grabbed at the chance. As an Australian citizen, I have the right to vote, work in public service and even seek election to Parliament, if I want to! Of course, there's nothing stopping me from going back to the Netherlands if I ever change my mind, but I can't see that happening. I'm proud of my native homeland and I'll remember it fondly.2........................ I feel like an Aussie now, through and through.

В Lesley Ann (Canada / Germany) I met my husband while we were working for a German-owned company in Canada and we were married within the year. Four years ago the company relocated us to Germany, and we've been living here ever since. I've been made to feel very welcome in Germany, but I'm still Canadian at heart. Mathi thinks I'm crazy, but I get homesick for wild forests, ice hockey - even the cold! 3.........................And I'm not ready to abandon them just yet. I'm not eligible for dual citizenship here, so if I wanted to hold German citizenship, I would have to renounce my Canadian status. 4 ........................ This meant I could legally live and work in Germany indefinitely, without losing my Canadian citizenship. By rejecting the country of your birth to become the citizen of another country you are effectively taking on a new identity. 5.........................

С Kamran (India, the USA) I first came to the States as a student and then found work with an international company. My work required me to travel overseas a lot and it was difficult to obtain a visa each time with my Indian passport. It therefore seemed sensible to apply for US citizenship. Unfortunately, it soon transpired that if I went down this road I would be re-classified as an Overseas Indian Citizen, not a full Indian national. I was heartbroken. 6.........................They hardly spoke to me for months. And I felt as though I was rejecting my heritage. After some painful soul-searching, I filled in the forms and was granted the citizenship, and I can now travel with relative ease. Yet whenever I return to India for longer stays, I have to register with an office of foreign nationals.7........................ But if I want to keep everyone happy - including myself - then it's a compromise I need to accept. /! ’kJ'

02 CULTURE AND IDENTITY 13

02

V O C A B U LA R Y Expressions with thing

Complete the conversation w ith the phrases in the box. a chance would be a fine thing b jy s t not the done thing с no big thing d one thing led to another e the furthest thing from my mind f the sort of thing g with one thing and another A: I really enjoyed doing voluntary work overseas. You know, seeing how hard it is for people in some parts of the world to simply survive, well, it's 1........................ that makes you appreciate w hat you've got! I swear I'll never moan again about not having enough clothes! B: So, how did you get involved? A: I met this girl in college who'd done it, and we talked about it, and 2...........................I didn't really plan it. I really admire you for it. It must have been difficult at times. No, it's 3........................., really. I ju st signed up, packed my bags and went. I'd love to do it. Then w hy don't you? It's easy. H u h !4.........................! I could never take the tim e off work! Then quit! You're always talking about taking a year off to travel!

B:

B: What? And jeopardise my career? It's 5.............. in my family, I'm afraid! My parents don't approve of people going round the world when they could be at home earning money. A: That's true! I suppose once you've got a job, it's difficult. B: Yes, and I've ju st bought a flat, too. So, w hat 6 ........................ , travel is 7..........................at the moment. I've got too many other things to worry about! A: Oh well! Maybe la te r...

D e v e l o p i n g w r i t i n g A description - adding interest

A Quickly read the description below. Tick ( / ) the things th at the w riter is doing. 1 giving information only ........ 2 including personal opinions ........ 3 using mainly formal la n g u a g e ........ 4 adding details and examples ........ 5 using adjectives and adverbs ........ 6 using passive structures ........

Holi.

Holi, the Festival of Colour, is one of the most exuberant and colourful festivals in the Nepalese calendar. For any springtime visitors to the country, it’s an e v e n t1everyone should se e.

The festival is usually spread over two days or more at the beginning of March. On the first evening, huge bonfires 2are lit. These commemorate the death of the evil spirit, Holika, and symbolise the end of winter. The high point of the festival happens on the second day, called Dhulundi. The atmosphere is 3verv exciting. Everyone abandons social conventions and throws coloured powders and water over each other, celebrating life and the triumph of good over evil. People 4have lots of fun in the streets and they party 5in a very enthusiastic way.

To me, Holi is special because it’s a time when people forget their differences and become united in a general feeling of goodwill. It truly is an expression of hope and joy, and it never fails to 6make me happy. m W

Mb

14 OUTCOMES

RELATIONSHIPS

V O C A B U LA R Y Describing people

A Complete the descriptions w ith the words in the box. There are two extra words th at you don’t need to use. Then m atch the descriptions (1 -6 ) w ith the pictures (a-f). absent-minded bitchy direct incompetent laid-back principled snob thick-skinned You’re always boasting about meeting royalty. You're such a ........................! You haven't got a clue w hat you're doing. You're........................... You say some really nasty things about people. You're so mean a n d ........................... I admire you for being s o ...........................You always stand up for the things you think are right. You're s o ...........................Stop dreaming and pay attention. You're s o ...........................Don't you ever get stressed?

В Choose the best options to com plete the definitions of the underlined words. 1 If you're direct, you don't a mince your words. b say w hat you think. 2 If someone is thick-skinned, bitchy remarks a upset them. b don't affect them. 3 Very principled people a have strong values. b aren't sure w hat to believe in. 4 People who are absent-minded often a forget things. b try to be fair and unbiased. 5 If you're a strong-willed person, you are a determined to have your way. b very loving. 6 People who are hard work are a rarely lazy. b often difficult to talk to.

L i s t e n i n g __________________________________________

A % 3.1 Listen to three people talking about working w ith relatives. W hat is the relationship betw een the speakers and the people they are discussing?

For exam ple: b r o th e r алиЬ bitter

Speaker 1 ........................ Speaker 2 ........................ Speaker 3 ........................ A

Learner tip^ m Don’t choose an answer just because you hear a key word

• it could be misleading! Try to work out the meaning from key words and their context.

В Listen again and m atch the speakers (1 -3 ) w ith the statem ents (a-g). One statem en t m atches two speakers. This speaker a appreciates the value of criticism, b has the same role at work as a relative, с believes it is important to have some personal space. d admires a relative's work. ........ e believes it is possible to solve most problems, f is about to leave a job. g keeps work and home life separate.

16 OUTCOMES

D e v e l o p i n g c o n v e r s a t i o n s Giving your impression

Complete the conversation. Choose the correct words or phrases. A: So, w hat do you 1 get / make of Holly, then? B: Hmm, I'll tell you when I've decided. A: I think she's great. What's not to like? B: Well, I agree she comes 2up / across as a really lively person and fun to be w ith. But I get 3over that / the feeling she could have a bitchy side. A: Really? I didn't Aget / make that impression of her. W hat makes you think that? B: Oh, nothing I could put my finger on, exactly. But yesterday, Raoul made a nasty joke at Sarah’s expense and Holly really Sseemed to / looked to enjoy it. It bothered me a bit, that's all. A: Hmm, well I've seen quite a bit of her and she 6strikes / seems me as a really friendly girl. You could be wrong, you know. В: I hope so.

G r a m m a r would 1

A M atch the sentence halves. 1 I wouldn't have asked for your help 2 He assured me everything would be OK, 3 Would you mind not 4 She would never arrive on tim e for a date 5 I'd feel happier about going 6 Would you be kind enough

a or apologise for being late, b if I knew someone else there, с if I'd known you'd go to so much trouble! d to give me a hand with this? e but of course it wasn't, f raising your voice like that?

В M atch the uses of would in exercise A (1-6) w ith the rules (a-d). a to make polite requests and offers b to talk about actions that happened regularly in the past с to report speech and thoughts d to talk about imaginary or hypothetical situations in the past or present

С Rewrite the sentences using would and the words in brackets. 1 He never minced his words, (mince)

2 I think she did it on purpose, (say)

3 I couldn't agree with you more on this, (have to)

4 Please close the window, (mind)

5 Surely Peter knows all about that! (thought)

6 I can’t be too critical because she’s my sister, (if)

P r o n u n c i a t i o n Contracted forms

A Underline the words which are usually contracted in spoken English. 1 I would have thought you would have been delighted! 2 He will have finished it by tomorrow. 3 She said there would be rain later, but I do not know if there will. 4 She could not have known who would be there. 5 I would not have helped you, even if I could. 6 These are mine, but I do not know whose those are.

В ® 3.2 Listen and check. Practise saying the sentences.

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03

Making a

case for

fairytale: a story, usually for children, about events of a fantastical nature stepmother: the wife of your father by a subsequent marriage underdog: person in a position of inferiority or adversity

Cinderella is a classic fairy tale about a young girl who

is mistreated by her stepmother and stepsisters. She is

eventually rescued by a fairy godmother who helps her to

marry a prince and live happily ever after. There are more

than 700 versions of the tale.

Glossary

On another, deeper level, the stepmother and the fairy godmother can both be considered ‘mother’ figures. As such, they symbolise the good and bad aspects of any parent’s character in a way that is intuitively accessible to young minds. Children often feel helpless when faced with a strict parent. They may feel they are being treated unjustly, particularly when sibling rivalry is involved, as in the story. T h e message conveyed by the fairy godmother is that there is always hope. Undoubtedly, this is a very optimistic view. Nevertheless, folk tales should not be read as realistic stories but rather as tales which appeal directly to the unconsciousness. This tale resonates with children because of the underlying positivity of its message. Some modern versions of the tale have tried to address the problem of unconvincing

characterisation. In Cameron Dokey’s Before

Midnight: A Retelling o f ‘Cinderella', published in

2007, the stepmother and stepsisters have well- developed, multi-dimensional personalities. Although such contemporary renditions seem more up-to-date and ‘natural’, they lose something in the re-telling and perhaps misunderstand the purpose of fairy tales. Through reading traditional tales, children gain initial contact with social concepts such as fairness and jealousy, punishment and forgiveness - concepts which are articulated through plot rather than characterisation.

Herein lies the secret of Cinderella' s success.

Perhaps more than any other fairy tale, it presents a highly satisfying example of justice in action. T h at renders it a powerful tool for developmental learning.

eviled by both feminists and educators alike,

Cinderella has acquired a negative reputation for being

outdated, sexist romanticism. So its detractors might understandably be bewildered by the fact that the story has been revised so many times and still adorns children’s bookshelves around the world today. So what is it about this particular fairy tale that continues to attract readers? Are the critics right, or are they simply missing the point? Folk literature abounds with tales of the poor underdog who

makes good, and Cinderella echoes this well-established theme.

W hat sets Cinderella apart, however, is the way in which family

relationships are foregrounded. Cinderella is victimised by a cruel stepmother and stepsisters, whom she strives in vain to please. In the story, Cinderella is a passive heroine - she does not defeat her persecutors herself but requires outside intervention to escape. T his is offered by the all-good fairy godmother, who comes to the rescue, giving Cinderella the freedom to realise her dreams. Critics of the tale often condemn the depiction of the stepmother, arguing that she sends a particularly unpleasant message to children (i.e. that stepmothers are evil). However, several psychologists advise against our interpreting the story too literally.

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03

V o c a b u l a r y Phrasal verbs ________________

Complete the sentences w ith the correct particles. 1 We're go ing ........................ in August, so please w ill you water our plants? 2 You need to put your fo o t.........................and stop letting him behave like that. 3 If you ask me, he's go ing ........................ a difficult patch at work. 4 Well, she's g e ttin g ........................ a bit now. She'll be 90 next June! 5 He made a lot of business plans, but nothing came any of them. 6 All her frustration got channelled ........................ pottery, and the results were amazing! 7 I can't understand w hy he, of all of us, got singled for promotion. 8 I don't know how you p u t ........................ with the arrogance of that guy!

Language note phrasal verbs

We frequently use phrasal verbs, such as go out with, split up, settle down and break up, when discussing ■ relationships.

D e v e l o p i n g c o n v e r s a t i o n s What’s up?

M atch the problems (1-6) w ith the follow-up sentences giving m ore details (a-f). 1 It's this queue. 2 It's this form. 3 It's this new initiative. 4 It's my tooth. 5 It's my boss. 6 It's my noisy neighbours.

a It's taking me ages to fill it in. b They keep me awake all night! с She keeps singling me out for extra work, d It goes on for miles and miles, e It's really aching, f It's a recipe for disaster.

D e v e l o p i n g w r i t i n g An online comment - giving advice

A Read the post below, w hich appeared in an online forum. W hat do you think the m ain topic of the forum is?

!®

Posted by: AmyLou Level: Bronze user Time: 20:

I got divorced two years ago, after five years of marriage. I w as devastated, and I thought I could never trust anyone again. Then a year ago I met a wonderful man. He came across as a really decent person, honest and reliable. I fell head over heels in love. But a month ago he suddenly stopped calling, without any explanations. I didn’t hear from him until last week. He said he’d had a lot going on, but he w as sorry and he wanted to start again where we left off. Should I trust him?

Leave your comment...

Comments:

В Quickly read Sam m i’s com m ent on the right, ignoring the gaps. W hich adjectives in the box best describe her response? balanced indifferent

bitchy outraged

compassionate patronising

forceful unsympathetic

Now com plete Sam m i’s reply w ith the correct form of the verbs in brackets.

Learner tip I Remember to record sets of useful functional language in I your vocabulary notebook.

1 ф a d vice — 8 • aste y o u rs e lf whether ... ® ( lei^ow how yo u feet, b u t ...

D Read Em m anuel’s post on the right. W rite a com m ent (1 5 0 -1 9 0 words) replying to Em m anuel and giving advice.

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