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Outline Unit 5
Morphemes
5 .1. Morphemes, morphs and allomorphs
Morphology
The concept morpheme The concept morph The concept allomorph
Irregularities in morphs: Portmanteau morph Zero morph Unique ( cranberry ) morph Empty morph
5.2. Morphological principles and morphological properties
Languages can be classified morphologically as:
i) Isolating or analytic ii) Agglutinating or synthetic iii) Fusional
Languages tend to obey general principles:
Morphology responds to a grammatical need or to a lexical need. If a form exists that conveys a meaning, another word is not created for that (blocking). Morphology complies as far as possible with grammatical iconicity or diagrammaticity.
Morphological processes may be:
i) Concatenative ii) Non-concatenative
Morphological rules and morphological units may be productive, or not:
Productivity Availability Profitability
5.3. Types of morphemes
Classifiable according to several criteria:
i) Autonomy: Free morphemes Bound morphemes Base Root Stem
As a result, morphology can be: Word-based morphology Stem-based morphology
Types of bound morphemes: Affix Prefix Suffix Interfix Synaffix Superfix Formative Affixoid Combining form
Class -changing (always derivational) -maintaining (inflectional and derivational)
ii) Meaning: Inflectional vs. derivational
5.3. Inflectional morphemes vs. derivational morphemes 5.3.1. Split vs. continuous morphology
The properties of inflectional morphemes vs. the properties of derivational morphemes
5.3.2. Inflection
Inflection encodes grammatical categories Usually formalized as a paradigm or set of forms for a grammatical category. Classifiable according to several criteria: i) Nominal vs. verbal: ii) Context-governed vs. class-governed:
Grammatical category
By spelling: Open Hyphenated Solid
By internal structure: Nominal X + NOUN NOUN + X Verbal X + VERB VERB + X Adjectival X + ADJECTIVE ADJECTIVE + X Adverbial X + X > ADVERB Pronominal Prepositional PREPOSITION + X X + PREPOSITION By internal syntax: Coordinative Subordinative
A totally different type: neoclassical compounding e.g. biology iii) Conversion Types. By word-class: Nominal Deverbal Deadjectival Denominal Verbal Denominal Deadjectival Deverbal Adjectival Deverbal Denominal Deadjectival Adverbial Denominal Deadjectival Deadverbial By centrality: Central Peripheral
By degree (of lexicalization?): Morphological (complete/total/full) Syntactic (partial) iv) Blending Types. By link: With a linking element Without a linking element
v) Initialism Types. By output: Abbreviations Acronyms vi) Clipping Types. By direction: Back-clipping Foreclipping Ambiclipping vii) Back-formation Verbal Adjectival viii) Reduplication Nominal Verbal Adjectival Adverbial
Word-formation is different from other processes that may give rise to new morphological units: i) Semantic change ii) Reanalysis (e.g. folk etymology)
